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PATHOLOGY II > quiz #3 - reproductive system > Flashcards

quiz #3 - reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of menstruation

A
  1. follicular
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal
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2
Q

causes of dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps)

A

endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, unknown cause

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3
Q

causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

bacteria from STIs: most common = chlamydia, gonorrhea

or infection spread from appendix, or bacterial spread through vagina & cervix

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4
Q

causes of uterine prolapse

A

progressive relaxation/ weakening of pelvic support structure

aging, pregnancy, obesity, vaginal births, short intervals between pregnancies, birth of large child

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5
Q

causes of ovarian cysts

A

related to menstrual cycle & hormonal abnormalities (excess androgens)

certain diseases: Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly, obesity, diabetes, thyroid disease, lipid & cholesterol disorders, genetics/ familial tendency

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6
Q

causes of vaginal candidiasis

A

yeast-like fungus called Candida albicans

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7
Q

causes of cervical cancer

A

70-90% caused by viruses like human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex type 2 & HIV

– also linked to history of STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea & syphilis – transmitted by sexual intercourse & caused by viruses

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8
Q

causes of a miscarriage

A

mostly by chromosomal abnormalities (50%)

drug & alcohol abuse, exposure to environmental toxins, hormonal irregularities, infection, obesity, physical abnormality with reproductive organs (incompetent cervix), ectopic pregnancy, immune response, serious body-wide diseases in mother like diabetes – 50% of all fertilized eggs die this way, often before pregnancy is known

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9
Q

fluid-filled sacs form in ovary due to hormonal changes
2 types:
– follicular/functional cysts: from follicle
– corpus luteum cysts: from ruptured follicle that eventually forms corpus luteum

A

ovarian cyst

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10
Q

endometrial tissue grows outside uterus & responds to hormones causing pain & inflammation, eventually scarring

A

endometriosis

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11
Q

classic triad of symptoms for endometriosis

A

painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
infertility or difficulty in conceiving

  • pain may also occur during urination (dysuria) or defecation (dyschezia)
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12
Q

benign tumors (leiomyomas) in uterus that are composed largely of smooth mm & fibrous tissue, appear only during childbearing years

A

uterine fibroids

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13
Q

malignant tumour in one or both ovaries

A

ovarian cancer

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14
Q

malignancy of uterus, most common gynecologic cancer – usually diagnosed in postmenopausal women – many cases detected early as abnormal vaginal bleeding, which is a common sign of …

A

uterine cancer

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15
Q

premature detachment of placenta from uterine wall before fetal delivery causing hemorrhage in mother & reduced oxygen/ blood supply to baby

A

placenta abruption

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16
Q

inflammatory condition of any or all organs of female reproductive tract, may include cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina & peritoneum

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

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17
Q

implantation of fertilized ovum outside uterine cavity, 95% occur in fallopian tube

-can also been found on ovary, cervix, outer wall of uterus, peritoneal surface of abdominal cavity, in vaginal canal

A

ectopic pregnancy

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18
Q

spontaneous loss of a fetus before 20th week of pregnancy

A

miscarriage

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19
Q

rare mass or growth (80% benign) of abnormally fertilized egg & placenta that forms inside uterus at beginning of pregnancy, also called gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)

A

hydatidiform mole

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20
Q

fertilized ovum implants in lower segment of uterus & developing placenta grows over internal cervical os, passage between uterus & cervix – puts mother & baby at risk as a result of hemorrhage during 3rd trimester

A

placenta previa

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21
Q

glucose intolerance that develops in women during pregnancy – prevalence is 2-5% – diagnosed during 2nd trimester → fetal complications include excessive growth, respiratory distress syndrome & premature birth

A

gestational diabetes

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22
Q

risk factors for breast cancer

A

-increasing age (rare before age of 50)
-female sex
-race (common in caucasians)
-hormones (estrogens)
-genetic factors (10% of cases)

23
Q

common cervical cancer metastasis site

A

vagina, urinary bladder & rectum

or cancer cells travel through lymphatic system to bone, liver, kidneys, brain, lungs

24
Q

common ovarian cancer metastasis site

A

uterus & breast tissue

25
Q

classic triad of symptoms:
-hypertension
-sudden weight gain with edema (primarily in hands, feet, & face)
-protein in urine (proteinuria)

A

symptoms of preeclampsia & eclampsia

26
Q

painless, vaginal bleeding, some women experience contractions with bleeding or sometimes bleeding does not start until labor begins & cervix dilates

A

symptoms of placenta previa

27
Q

dilated vein in scrotum, usually on left side – frequently develops after puberty & results from lack of valves in veins, permitting backflow of blood & increased pressure in vein

A

varicocele

28
Q

excessive serous fluid collects in space between layers of tunica vaginalis of scrotum

A

hydrocele

29
Q

cyst containing fluid & sperm that develops between testis & epididymis outside tunica vaginalis

A

spermatocele

30
Q

inflammation & swelling of prostate gland – if inflamed, causes painful & difficult urination as well as flu like symptoms

A

prostatitis

31
Q

testis rotate on spermatic cord, compressing arteries & veins – ischemia develops causing pain & swelling of scrotum

A

torsion

32
Q

nonmalignant & non-inflammatory enlargement of prostate gland – develops over prolonged periods with formation of large nodules (hyperplasia) & growth enlargement of glandular cells (hypertrophy)

A

benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)

33
Q

rare birth defect of urethral opening on DORSAL or upper surface of penis instead of it’s usual place at the tip

A

epispadias

34
Q

urethral opening on VENTRAL or under surface of penis

A

hypospadias

35
Q

testes fail to descend into scrotum (happens normally in last trimester of pregnancy)

A

cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)

36
Q

malignancy of prostate gland – metastasis occurs most often to pelvic lymph nodes & skeletal system

A

prostate cancer

37
Q

benign tumors of testes - majority of tumors are malignant
-different types: seminoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, carcinoma
-has highest cure rates of all cancers with average 5 year survival rate of 95%

A

testicular cancer

38
Q

a heredity pattern with a change in chromosome number 12

A

etiology: testicular cancer

39
Q

causes of infertility (male)

A

changes in sperm or semen (size, numbers, tails, normalcy, motility), hormonal abnormalities, physical obstruction of vas deferens or epididymis, workplace toxins & environmental pollutants may reduce viable sperm

40
Q

causes of infertility (female)

A

hormonal imbalances, use of oral contraceptives, extreme stress, effects of chemotherapy, extreme exercise or training of ovaries & structures (fallopian tube scar formation), change in vaginal pH due to infection or use of douches, excessively thick cervical mucus, development of antibodies in woman to particular sperm

41
Q

combination of male & female for infertility

A

increased age of parents, structural abnormalities, cigarette smoking, second-hand smoke

42
Q

why have death rates of cervical cancer declined?

A

increased prevalence of routine Papanicolaou (Pap) screening

43
Q

1st & 2nd most common uterine cancers

A

1: uterine/ endometrial cancer
2: ovarian cancer

44
Q

downward displacement of uterus from normal position

A

uterine prolapse

45
Q

most common site for breast cancer to develop

A

upper outside quadrant (50%)

46
Q

1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester

A

1st: first 14 weeks of pregnancy
2nd: week 14 to week 28
3rd: week 28 to week 40/ birth

47
Q

3 P’s of gestational diabetes

A

-polyuria: excessive urination
-polydipsia: excessive thirst
-polyphagia: excessive hunger

*may also have hypertension & future development of type 2 diabetes, may have harmful effects on fetus

48
Q

chromosomal abnormality that causes over-production of placental tissue

A

hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy)

49
Q

2 distinct rare types of breast cancer

A
  1. Paget’s disease of nipple
  2. inflammatory breast cancer
50
Q

cause of mastitis

A

bacterial staphylococcus aureus, blocked milk duct

51
Q

when a fertilized ovum implants on lower segment of uterus

A

placenta previa

52
Q

Tx for epispadias & hypospadias

A

surgical reconstruction

may be performed in stages, provide normal urinary flow & normal sexual function

53
Q

hydrocele vs. spermatocele

A

hydrocele: collection of fluid around testicle

spermatocele: collection of fluid around epididymis

PATHOLOGY II (10 decks)

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