quiz #3 - reproductive system Flashcards
3 phases of menstruation
- follicular
- ovulation
- luteal
causes of dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps)
endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, unknown cause
causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
bacteria from STIs: most common = chlamydia, gonorrhea
or infection spread from appendix, or bacterial spread through vagina & cervix
causes of uterine prolapse
progressive relaxation/ weakening of pelvic support structure
aging, pregnancy, obesity, vaginal births, short intervals between pregnancies, birth of large child
causes of ovarian cysts
related to menstrual cycle & hormonal abnormalities (excess androgens)
certain diseases: Cushing’s syndrome, acromegaly, obesity, diabetes, thyroid disease, lipid & cholesterol disorders, genetics/ familial tendency
causes of vaginal candidiasis
yeast-like fungus called Candida albicans
causes of cervical cancer
70-90% caused by viruses like human papilloma virus (HPV), herpes simplex type 2 & HIV
– also linked to history of STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea & syphilis – transmitted by sexual intercourse & caused by viruses
causes of a miscarriage
mostly by chromosomal abnormalities (50%)
drug & alcohol abuse, exposure to environmental toxins, hormonal irregularities, infection, obesity, physical abnormality with reproductive organs (incompetent cervix), ectopic pregnancy, immune response, serious body-wide diseases in mother like diabetes – 50% of all fertilized eggs die this way, often before pregnancy is known
fluid-filled sacs form in ovary due to hormonal changes
2 types:
– follicular/functional cysts: from follicle
– corpus luteum cysts: from ruptured follicle that eventually forms corpus luteum
ovarian cyst
endometrial tissue grows outside uterus & responds to hormones causing pain & inflammation, eventually scarring
endometriosis
classic triad of symptoms for endometriosis
painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea)
painful intercourse (dyspareunia)
infertility or difficulty in conceiving
- pain may also occur during urination (dysuria) or defecation (dyschezia)
benign tumors (leiomyomas) in uterus that are composed largely of smooth mm & fibrous tissue, appear only during childbearing years
uterine fibroids
malignant tumour in one or both ovaries
ovarian cancer
malignancy of uterus, most common gynecologic cancer – usually diagnosed in postmenopausal women – many cases detected early as abnormal vaginal bleeding, which is a common sign of …
uterine cancer
premature detachment of placenta from uterine wall before fetal delivery causing hemorrhage in mother & reduced oxygen/ blood supply to baby
placenta abruption
inflammatory condition of any or all organs of female reproductive tract, may include cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina & peritoneum
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
implantation of fertilized ovum outside uterine cavity, 95% occur in fallopian tube
-can also been found on ovary, cervix, outer wall of uterus, peritoneal surface of abdominal cavity, in vaginal canal
ectopic pregnancy
spontaneous loss of a fetus before 20th week of pregnancy
miscarriage
rare mass or growth (80% benign) of abnormally fertilized egg & placenta that forms inside uterus at beginning of pregnancy, also called gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
hydatidiform mole
fertilized ovum implants in lower segment of uterus & developing placenta grows over internal cervical os, passage between uterus & cervix – puts mother & baby at risk as a result of hemorrhage during 3rd trimester
placenta previa
glucose intolerance that develops in women during pregnancy – prevalence is 2-5% – diagnosed during 2nd trimester → fetal complications include excessive growth, respiratory distress syndrome & premature birth
gestational diabetes
risk factors for breast cancer
-increasing age (rare before age of 50)
-female sex
-race (common in caucasians)
-hormones (estrogens)
-genetic factors (10% of cases)
common cervical cancer metastasis site
vagina, urinary bladder & rectum
or cancer cells travel through lymphatic system to bone, liver, kidneys, brain, lungs
common ovarian cancer metastasis site
uterus & breast tissue
classic triad of symptoms:
-hypertension
-sudden weight gain with edema (primarily in hands, feet, & face)
-protein in urine (proteinuria)
symptoms of preeclampsia & eclampsia
painless, vaginal bleeding, some women experience contractions with bleeding or sometimes bleeding does not start until labor begins & cervix dilates
symptoms of placenta previa
dilated vein in scrotum, usually on left side – frequently develops after puberty & results from lack of valves in veins, permitting backflow of blood & increased pressure in vein
varicocele
excessive serous fluid collects in space between layers of tunica vaginalis of scrotum
hydrocele
cyst containing fluid & sperm that develops between testis & epididymis outside tunica vaginalis
spermatocele
inflammation & swelling of prostate gland – if inflamed, causes painful & difficult urination as well as flu like symptoms
prostatitis
testis rotate on spermatic cord, compressing arteries & veins – ischemia develops causing pain & swelling of scrotum
torsion
nonmalignant & non-inflammatory enlargement of prostate gland – develops over prolonged periods with formation of large nodules (hyperplasia) & growth enlargement of glandular cells (hypertrophy)
benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
rare birth defect of urethral opening on DORSAL or upper surface of penis instead of it’s usual place at the tip
epispadias
urethral opening on VENTRAL or under surface of penis
hypospadias
testes fail to descend into scrotum (happens normally in last trimester of pregnancy)
cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)
malignancy of prostate gland – metastasis occurs most often to pelvic lymph nodes & skeletal system
prostate cancer
benign tumors of testes - majority of tumors are malignant
-different types: seminoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, carcinoma
-has highest cure rates of all cancers with average 5 year survival rate of 95%
testicular cancer
a heredity pattern with a change in chromosome number 12
etiology: testicular cancer
causes of infertility (male)
changes in sperm or semen (size, numbers, tails, normalcy, motility), hormonal abnormalities, physical obstruction of vas deferens or epididymis, workplace toxins & environmental pollutants may reduce viable sperm
causes of infertility (female)
hormonal imbalances, use of oral contraceptives, extreme stress, effects of chemotherapy, extreme exercise or training of ovaries & structures (fallopian tube scar formation), change in vaginal pH due to infection or use of douches, excessively thick cervical mucus, development of antibodies in woman to particular sperm
combination of male & female for infertility
increased age of parents, structural abnormalities, cigarette smoking, second-hand smoke
why have death rates of cervical cancer declined?
increased prevalence of routine Papanicolaou (Pap) screening
1st & 2nd most common uterine cancers
1: uterine/ endometrial cancer
2: ovarian cancer
downward displacement of uterus from normal position
uterine prolapse
most common site for breast cancer to develop
upper outside quadrant (50%)
1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester
1st: first 14 weeks of pregnancy
2nd: week 14 to week 28
3rd: week 28 to week 40/ birth
3 P’s of gestational diabetes
-polyuria: excessive urination
-polydipsia: excessive thirst
-polyphagia: excessive hunger
*may also have hypertension & future development of type 2 diabetes, may have harmful effects on fetus
chromosomal abnormality that causes over-production of placental tissue
hydatidiform mole (molar pregnancy)
2 distinct rare types of breast cancer
- Paget’s disease of nipple
- inflammatory breast cancer
cause of mastitis
bacterial staphylococcus aureus, blocked milk duct
when a fertilized ovum implants on lower segment of uterus
placenta previa
Tx for epispadias & hypospadias
surgical reconstruction
may be performed in stages, provide normal urinary flow & normal sexual function
hydrocele vs. spermatocele
hydrocele: collection of fluid around testicle
spermatocele: collection of fluid around epididymis
