Reproductive System Flashcards
4 functions of the reproductive system
To produce sex cells
To transport the sex cells within the reproductive tracks
To produce offspring by fertilization
To nurture developing offspring
And produce hormones
Female sex cells
Eggs
Male sex cells
Sperm
Sex cells are also known as
Gametes
See male structure diagram
-
What are testes?
Glands where sperm and testosterone are produced
Glands where sperm and testosterone are produced
Testes
What is produced in the testes?
Sperm and testosterone
Where is sperm and testosterone produced?
In the testes
Where are testes located?
In the scrotum
What is located in the scrotum?
Testes
Why are the testes outside the body?
To maintain a cooler temperature
What does each testis contain?
A network of coiled tubes where sperm are produced by mitosis
What are the coiled tubes in the testes called?
Seminiferous tubules
What are seminiferous tubules
The network of coiled tubes in each testis
How much sperm can a sexually mature male produce?
About 300 million sperm each day
It takes approximately ___ days for a sperm to mature in a process called _________
70; spermatogenesis
What is stored in the epididymis?
Sperm cells
What is the epididymis?
A coiled tube in the scrotum where sperm complete their development
Where is the epididymis located?
In the scrotum
What do sperm do in the epididymis?
They complete their development
Once matured, the sperm leave the epididymis and enter the _____________, where they are stored
Vas deferens
The ___________ is a tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the _____________ and the urethra
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory
The tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra
Vas deferens
The urethra is used to discharge _____ and ______ from the body
Urine; semen
What discharges urine and semen from the body?
Urethra
See card labeled station 7
Vas deferens; urethra
The __________ produces a thin, alkaline fluid that helps sperm move. The fluid is secretes into the ___________ and mixed with sperm.
Prostate gland; vas deferens
What produces a think, alkaline fluid that helps sperm move?
Prostate gland
Where is the prostate located?
Under the bladder
What is the most common cancer among men?
Prostate cancer
What does the bulbourethral gland secrete?
A fluid that helps sperm survive the acidic environment of the vagina
__________ glands- 2 small glands located beneath the prostate. These glands secrete a fluid that help sperm survive through the acidic environment of the vagina
Bulbourethral
__________ are a pair of glands located underneath the bladder- they produce a thick fluid made up of fructose (sugar) which provides energy the sperm needs to survive
Seminal vesicles
What do seminal vesicles produce?
Fructose(sugar) to provide energy for the sperm
What is semen a mixture of
Sperm plus the fluids from the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, and seminal vesicles
A ___________ is used as a permanent birth control method in males
Vasectomy
What is the vasectomy used for?
Birth control in males
What is cut during a vasectomy?
Vas deferens
After a vasectomy, semen no longer contains _________
Sperm cells
What happens when the vas deferens is cut?
The male can no longer transfer sperm to the vagina and he can no longer make children.
The penis contains tissue called corpus ________ and corpus ________
Cavernosum; spongiosum
Wha type of muscle does the penis contain?
Smooth muscle
What must happen to the smooth muscle in order for an erection to occur?
The muscle must relax to allow the tissues to fill with blood
Sperm production is regulated by __________
Hormones
Name the three hormones that is required for sperm production:
LH
FSH
Testosterone
Testosterone, FSH, and LH are all regulated by the _______
Testes
Ovaries are ______ that produce _______ cells
Glands; egg
How many ovaries do females have?
Two
Approximately how big are ovaries?
The size of an almond
Where are ovaries located?
Either side of the lower abdomen
Check female reproductive
-
The Fallopian tubes (oviduct) connect the ovaries to the _______
Uterus
What occurs in the Fallopian tubes (oviduct)?
Fertilization
What are found within the Fallopian tubes (oviduct) that help move the egg along toward the uterus?
What is another way the egg is pushed along?
Cilia; peristalsis
What is another name for Fallopian tube?
Oviduct
Check front male
-
External fertilization
- like spraying
- the female lays a pile of eggs (a lot)
- next the male release a lot of sperm in the same area
- like spraying
- the female lays a pile of eggs (a lot)
- next the male release a lot of sperm in the same area
External fertilization
Internal fertilization
- sperm is released within the females body
- many sperm buy few eggs (higher chance of fertilization)
- fertilized egg is well protected
- sperm is released within the females body
- many sperm buy few eggs (higher chance of fertilization)
- fertilized egg is well protected
Internal fertilization
External development - little parent care
- egg laying (many eggs to increase chance of survival)
- less chance of survival
Turtles; fish
What type of development and care are turtles?
External development; little parent care
External development - lots of parental care
- eggs payed
- parents maintain nest or take care of eggs
- increased chance of survival
Birds; seahorses
What type of care and development are seahorses and birds
External development, lots of parental care
Check side male
-
Internal development
Fetus grows within
Fetus grows within
Internal development
Do the baby and mother exchange blood?
No
Viviparous
Fetal sharks live off placenta connected to mother
Fetal sharks live off placenta connected to mother
Viviparous
Ovoviviparous
Fetal shakes receive nutrition from yolk sac
First to hatch eats the other
Fetal shakes receive nutrition from yolk sac
First to hatch eats the other
Ovoviviparous
Oviparity
Internal fertilization, external development
Internal fertilization, external development
Oviparity
Check front female
-
Ovaries
Produce and release mature eggs
Produce and release mature eggs
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes/ oviduct
Carries egg to the uterus, fertilization occurs here
Carries egg to the uterus, fertilization occurs here
Fallopian tubes/ oviduct
Uterus
Site of embryo development
Site of embryo development
Uterus
Vagina
Birth Canal and site of sperm deposit
Birth Canal and site of sperm deposit
Vagina
Testes
Produce sperm
Produce sperm
Testes
Scrotum
Outer pocket of skin to keep testes cooler for ideal sperm development
Outer pocket of skin to keep testes cooler for ideal sperm development
Scrotum
Semen
A mix of sperm and nutrient containing fluid
A mix of sperm and nutrient containing fluid
Semen
Where does sperm swim through
The uterus and into the Fallopian tubes
After fertilization where does the zygote move?
To the uterus - develops kore due to mitosis
Check side female
-
Cleavage
Repeating mitosis- forms a hollow ball of cells, no increase in size, just in cell number
Repeating mitosis- forms a hollow ball of cells, no increase in size, just in cell number
Cleavage
Bastula
A hollow ball of cells approximately the same size as the zygote
A hollow ball of cells approximately the same size as the zygote
Bastula
Gastrulation
One side of the bastula indents
One side of the bastula indents
Gastrulation
Ectoderm
The outer part of the gastrula becomes the nervous system and epidermis of the skin
The outer part of the gastrula becomes the nervous system and epidermis of the skin
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
The middle of the gastrula becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, excitatory system, and reproductive system
The middle of the gastrula becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, excitatory system, and reproductive system
Mesoderm
Endoderm
The inner layer becomes the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and the liver and pancreas
The inner layer becomes the lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and the liver and pancreas
Endoderm
Gestation
Time fetus develops in the uterus
Time fetus develops in the uterus
Gestation
See differentiation
-
Placenta
Diffusion occurs between the baby and placenta
Nutrients, gases, and waste products are exchanged
Diffusion occurs between the baby and placenta
Nutrients, gases, and waste products are exchanged
Placenta
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Low birth weight, premature birth
Low birth weight, premature birth
Fetal alcohol syndrome
See pregnancy
-
See embryonic development
-
During which part of the cycle does the breakdown of the thickened uterine lining occur?
Follicle stage
On or about which day is the egg released from the ovary?
Day 14
What is the average length of the female reproductive cycle?
28 days
How long is the menstrual cycle?
28 days
What is the menstrual cycle?
A hormonally controlled cycle in the human female in which an egg matures and is released from the ovary
What is stage one of the menstrual cycle?
The follicle stage
What is the follicle stage?
When an egg matures inside the ovary
When an egg matures inside the ovary
Follicle stage
Which stage is the follicle stage
Stage 1
In which stage does the pituitary gland secrete FSH
The follicle stage
Which gland secretes FSH and LH
Pituitary gland
What is happening in the ovaries during the follicle stage?
The egg matures inside the embryo
Approximately what day does ovulation occur
14
What is the role of FSH in the menstrual cycle ?
To stimulate the development of the egg
Matures egg
What is happening to the uterine lining as the level of estrogen begins to increase?
It is beginning to thicken
What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle ?
Thickens uterine lining
As progesterone starts to decrease, what is happening to the uterine lining?
Starts to thin out.
Apoptosis
Period
What does the growing of the follicle secrete?
The hormone estrogen
What does estrogen do?
Causes the uterine lining to thicken
What is the second stage of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation
What stage is ovulation
Second
What happens during ovulation
The mature egg is released from the follicle in the ovary
When is FSH production inhibited
Ovulation
In which stage is LH secreted
Ovulation
The mature egg is released from the follicle in the ovary
Ovulation
What day does ovulation occur
Day 14 out
What does LH cause
Changes in the ruptured follicle
What causes changes in the ruptured follicle
LH
What stage is the corpus luteum stage?
3
What’s the third stage of the menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum stage
What happens in the corpus luteum stage
Follicle becomes a mass of cells called the corpus luteum
What does the corpus luteum secrete?
Progesterone
What does progesterone do?
Causes the uterine lining to thicken
What is there an increase of in the corpus luteum stage
An increase in the number of blood vessels which also prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg
Causes the uterine lining to thicken
Progesterone and estrogen
Follicle becomes a mass of cells
Corpus luteum stage
What happens if the egg is not fertilized in the corpus luteum stage?
The corpus luteum becomes inactive and menstruation occurs
What happens during menstruation
Uterine lining breaks down and is shed
Uterine lining breaks down and is shed
Menstruation
What stage is menstruation
Stage 4
Stage 4
Menstruation
How long does menstruation last
3-7 days
When does the corpus luteum shrink and progesterone production decrease
Menstruation
