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Living Evironment > Circulatory, Immune, Digestive, Muscular, Skeletal system > Flashcards

Circulatory, Immune, Digestive, Muscular, Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Intracellular transport

A

Movement of materials inside the cell

ER
Active and passive transport

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2
Q

Movement of materials inside the cell

ER
Active and passive transport

A

Intercellular transport

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3
Q

Extracellular transport

A

Movement of materials outside the cell

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4
Q

Movement of materials outside the cell

A

Extracellular transport

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5
Q

No circulatory system

A

Can diffuse materials directly with their environment

Ex. Amoeba

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6
Q

Can diffuse materials directly with their environment

Ex. Amoeba

A

No circulatory system

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7
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood, blood vessels, and a way to pump blood. The blood washes over the organs and exchanges materials directly

Ex. Grasshopper

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8
Q

Blood, blood vessels, and a way to pump blood. The blood washes over the organs and exchanges materials directly

Ex. Grasshopper

A

Open circulatory system

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9
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

All blood is contained in blood vessels. Exchange of materials is via the capillaries

Ex. Humans

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10
Q

All blood is contained in blood vessels. Exchange of materials is via the capillaries

Ex. Humans

A

Closed circulatory system

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11
Q

Where does diffusion occur?

A

Capillaries to the alveoli

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12
Q

Capillaries to the alveoli

A

Where diffusion occurs

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13
Q

Where does diffusion occur?

A

Capillaries to alveoli

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14
Q

Artery

A

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

Thickest

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15
Q

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

Thickest

A

Artery

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16
Q

Veins

A

Carry de-oxygenated blood BACK to the heart

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17
Q

Carry de-oxygenated blood BACK to the heart

A

Veins

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18
Q

Capillary

A

Diffusion

tiny, one cell layer thick blood vessels. They are the ONLY place where materials diffuse between the body and blood!

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19
Q

Diffusion

tiny, one cell layer thick blood vessels. They are the ONLY place where materials diffuse between the body and blood!

A

Capillary

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20
Q

Red blood cells

A

Transports oxygen

Hemoglobin (protein in red blood cells)

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21
Q

Transports oxygen

Hemoglobin (protein)

A

Red blood cells

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22
Q

White blood cells

A

Fight infection

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23
Q

Fight infection

A

White blood cells

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24
Q

Plasma

A

Transport nutrients,

lymph (immune system)

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25
Q

Transport nutrients,

lymph (immune system)

A

Plasma

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26
Q

Platelets

A

Blood clotting cells

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27
Q

Blood clotting cells

A

Platelets

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28
Q

It is a watery substance that helps make blood a watery substance

When “it” is in the blood it is called _____

A

Plasma

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29
Q

Plasma

A

It is a watery substance that helps make blood a watery substance

When “it” is in the blood it is called plasma.

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30
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

It is squeezed out of the blood vessels and washes our organs. This keeps the boys moist and carries away any foreign pathogens that might be there

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31
Q

It is squeezed out of the blood vessels and washes our organs. This keeps the boys moist and carries away any foreign pathogens that might be there

A

Intracellular fluid

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32
Q

Lymph

A

The intracellular fluid (ICF) is them “funneled” into vessels called lymph vessels. From here, the lymph goes through lymph nodes where any “funk” is filtered out. “It” is then returned to the blood and the plasma again.

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33
Q

The intracellular fluid (ICF) is them “funneled” into vessels called_____ vessels. From here, the ____ goes through _____ nodes where any “funk” is filtered out. “It” is then returned to the blood and the plasma again.

A

Lymph

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34
Q

Order of plasma

A

Plasma (helps make blood watery)

Intracellular fluid (ICF) (washes organs)

Lymph (funk filtered out)

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35
Q

What is immunity

A

The defensive reaction of the body to antigens

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36
Q

The defensive reaction of the body to antigens

A

Immunity

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37
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing agent

{our body uses non specific and pathogen specific defense mechanisms to fight off pathogens}

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38
Q

Disease causing agent

A

Pathogen

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39
Q

Skin

A

Barrier with added chemical weapons

(Sweat, oil)
(Break down bacterial cell walls)

First line of defense

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40
Q

Barrier with added chemical weapons

Sweat, oil
(Break down bacterial cell walls)

A

Skin

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41
Q

Mucus

A

The glue traps of our bodies

Cilia sweeps mucus to the esophagus which sends it to the stomach - in the stomach if mucus is swallowed, enzymes and acids will digest pathogens

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42
Q

The glue traps of our bodies

Cilia sweeps ____ to the esophagus which sends it to the stomach - in the stomach if ____ is swallowed, enzymes and acids will digest pathogens

A

Mucus

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43
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Histamine responds to injury by releasing chemicals that make blood vessels widen and increase blood flow

White blood cells arrive and swallow (phagocytosis)

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44
Q

Histamine responds to injury by releasing chemicals that make blood vessels widen and increase blood flow

White blood cells arrive and swallow (phagocytosis)

A

Inflammatory response

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45
Q

Pus

A

White blood cells and dead pathogens

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46
Q

White blood cells and dead pathogens

A

Pus

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47
Q

Temperature

A

To fight infections, body will increase its temperature and bring on fevers

Bacteria die in high temperatures

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48
Q

Killer proteins

A

Circulate the blood and attack certain pathogens, punching holes in the cells causing them to leak and die

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49
Q

Circulate the blood and attack certain pathogens, punching holes in the cells causing them to leak and die

A

Killer proteins

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50
Q

Three types of white blood cells

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer cells

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51
Q

Thing that prevents food from entering your trachea

A

Epiglottis

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52
Q

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer cells

A

White blood cells

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53
Q

Neutrophils

A

Only present in blood
Engulf bacteria
Release a chemical that kills the bacteria and then themselves

SUICIDE SQUAD

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54
Q

Only present in blood
Engulf bacteria
Release a chemical that kills the bacteria and then themselves

SUICIDE SQUAD

A

Neutrophils

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55
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf bacteria
CLEARS DEAD CELLS
Travels through the body
Concentrated in spleen and lungs

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56
Q

Engulf bacteria
CLEARS DEAD CELLS
Travels through the body
Concentrated in spleen and lungs

A

Macrophages

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57
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Destroy infected cells by puncturing cell membranes
Water moves in and cell bursts
One of the best defenses to cancer cells

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58
Q

Destroy infected cells by puncturing cell membranes
Water moves in and cell bursts
One of the best defenses to cancer cells

A

Natural killer cells

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59
Q

Antigens

A

Bad guys

Substance that produces and immune response

Receptor proteins on the membrane of a pathogen

ON A PATHOGEN

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60
Q

Bad guys

Substance that produces and immune response

Receptor proteins on the membrane of a pathogen

ON A PATHOGEN

A

Antigens

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61
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that bind to specific antigens (shapes must compliment)

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62
Q

Proteins that bind to specific antigens (shapes must compliment)

A

Antibodies

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63
Q

Process of white blood cells and antibodies

A

White blood cells eats the antigen, soon a cell is produced and Antibodies are created to bind to antigens to stop them from taking over our cells?

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64
Q

Are antigens or antibodies the bad guys?

A

Antigens

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65
Q

Passive immunity

A

Antibodies obtained from outside the body

Mother’s breast milk

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66
Q

Antibodies obtained from outside the body

Mother’s breast milk

A

Passive immunity

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67
Q

Active immunity

A

Body produces antibodies to fight infection

Natural immune response

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68
Q

What need to be done to have an organ donation

A

U need to take immune drugs so u don’t reject the organ

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69
Q

Blood type A has ______ antibodies in plasma

A

Anti- B

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70
Q

Blood type B has ________ antibodies in plasma

A

Anti- A

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71
Q

Blood type AB has ______ antibodies in plasma

A

None

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72
Q

Blood type O has _________ antibodies in plasma

A

Anti-A + Anti-B

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73
Q

Group A antigens in red blood cells

A

A- antigen

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74
Q

Blood type B antigens in red blood cells

A

B-antigens

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75
Q

Blood type AB antigens in red blood cells

A

A+B antigens

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76
Q

Blood type O antigens in red blood cells

A

None

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77
Q

Blood type A can receive blood from

A

Blood type A

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78
Q

Blood type B can receive blood from

A

Blood type B

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79
Q

Blood type AB can receive blood from

A

Blood type A or B or AB

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80
Q

Blood type o can receive blood from

A

Blood type O

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81
Q

What is AIDS caused by?

A

HIV

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82
Q

HIV

A

Invades T-cells and as they die. The body becomes open to many diseases.

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83
Q

Pathway of heart

A

Right up to left down

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84
Q

Deoxygenated blood is found within what chambers

A

Left chambers

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85
Q

The cytoplasm in a cell carries out a function similar to a function of which human system?

A

Circulatory system

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86
Q

Which vessel contains valves and transports blood back to the heart?

A

Veins

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87
Q

Doctors sometimes use a vaccine to prepare the body to defend itself against future infections. These vaccines most often contain

A

Weakened pathogens

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88
Q

Which cell “eats” foreign substances

A

White blood cells

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89
Q

White blood cells, antigens, antibodies (which structures are part of the immune system)

A

White blood cells and antibodies

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90
Q

Drugs to reduce the risk of rejection are given to organ transplant patients because the donated organ contains

A) foreign antigens
B) foreign antibodies
C) DNA molecules
D) pathogenic microbe

A

Foreign antigens

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91
Q

What to red blood cells look like?

A

Frisbee

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92
Q

What do white blood cells look like?

A

Biggest

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93
Q

What to platelets look like?

A

Smallest

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94
Q

Which cell transports oxygen

A

Red blood cells

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95
Q

Which cell initiates clots

A

Platelets

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96
Q

Which cell functions in immune responses

A

White blood cells

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97
Q

Breastfeeding is an example of what type of immunity

A

Passive

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98
Q

Antibodies on antigens helps to

A

Provide protection against pathogens

99
Q

What do phagocytes do in the blood ?

A

Engulf bacteria

100
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Antibody production

101
Q

Antibody production

A

Lymphocytes

102
Q

Which substance is known as lymph after it passes into lymph vessels?

A

Intracellular fluid

103
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Helps u not get sick

104
Q

Which cells are able to carry on the process of phagocytosis?

A

White blood cells

105
Q

Which cells are able to carry on the process of phagocytosis?

A

White blood cells

106
Q

In humans, a function of intercellular fluid is to

A

Serve as a transport of things

107
Q

What side of the heart has deoxygenated blood

A

Right but in picture left

108
Q

Hemoglobin is

A

Protein in red blood cells

109
Q

I’m humans, excess fluid and other substances surrounding the cells are returned to the blood by

A

Lymph vessels

110
Q

What is the plasma

A

Blood water

111
Q

Right ventricle

A

Big thing on the right (left in picture)

112
Q

Right atrium

A

On top of right ventricle

113
Q

Aorta

A

Tubes on top of heart

114
Q

Tubes on top of heart

A

Aorta

115
Q

On top of right ventricle

A

Right atrium

116
Q

Big thing on the right (left in picture)

A

Right ventricle

117
Q

Pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein

A

On the left side of the heart. Vein looks wider.

Carries opposite

118
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Top right 2 butts

119
Q

Top right 2 butts

A

Superior vena cava

120
Q

Intracellular digestion

A

Digestion within the mouth

121
Q

Starch digestion enzyme

A

Amylase

122
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Digestion occurs outside of the cell in body cavities

Ex. Small intestine

123
Q

Digestion occurs outside of the cell in body cavities

Ex. Small intestine

A

Extracellular digestion

124
Q

Digestion within the mouth

A

Intracellular digestion

125
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Changing the size or shape of foods

126
Q

Changing the size or shape of foods

A

Mechanical digestion

127
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Changing the chemical composition of foods

128
Q

Changing the chemical composition of foods

A

Chemical digestion

129
Q

Mouth

A

Teeth- mechanical
Tongue- helps mix food with saliva
(Amylase)

130
Q

Amylase

A

Starch digestion enzyme

Aids in swalowing

131
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produces saliva
Water aids in mechanical digestion of all foods
Salivary amylase is the enzyme found in saliva

132
Q

Produces saliva

A

Salivary glands

133
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that connects to the mouth and stomach
Peristalsis - wave like contraction of muscles

Peristalsis moves food from mouth to stomach

134
Q

Muscular tube that connects to the mouth and stomach

A

Esophagus

135
Q

Peristalsis

A

Wave like contraction of muscles

136
Q

Wave like contraction of muscles

A

Peristalsis

137
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular sac about the size of your fist

Has a mucus lining to protect from HCI bits

High acidity or gastric fluid (denatures proteins

Mixes food, enzymes (pepsin), and HCI with muscular contractions

138
Q

Enzymes in stomach

A

Pepsin

139
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme in stomach

140
Q

Mechanical digestion in stomach

A

Churning (mixing)

141
Q

Muscular sac about the size of your fist

Has a mucus lining to protect from HCI bits

High acidity or gastric fluid (denatures proteins

Mixes food, enzymes (pepsin), and HCI with muscular contractions

A

Stomach

142
Q

Small intestine

A

ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS
(And vitamins)

_________________________________________________
Contains intestinal glands that secrete digestive enzymes

Most digestions occur here and all is completed here

Has villi which are small finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

143
Q

Where do most digestion’s occur?

A

Small intestine

144
Q

Where are all digestion’s completed?

A

Small intestine

145
Q

Site of nutrient absorption

A

Small intestine

146
Q

Villi

A

Small finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

147
Q

Small finger like projections that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

A

Villi

148
Q

Roughage

A

Foods not readily digestible

FOOD THAT CLEANS OUR SMALL INTESTINE (SCRAPES)

149
Q

Foods not readily digestible

FOOD THAT CLEANS OUR SMALL INTESTINE (SCRAPES)

A

Roughage

150
Q

Large intestine

A

WATER ABSORPTION

____________________________________

Short tube with wider diameter

No digestion occurs here

Waste moves via peristalsis (wave like contraction of muscles)

151
Q

Does digestion occur in the large intestine ?

A

No

152
Q

Does digestion occur in the small intestine?

A

Yes

153
Q

Water absorption

A

Large intestine

154
Q

WATER ABSORPTION

____________________________________

Short tube with wider diameter

No digestion occurs here

Waste moves via peristalsis (wave like contraction of muscles)

A

Large intestine

155
Q

Rectum

A

Lower end of large intestine

Semi-solid waste (feces) stay here until egested via the anus

156
Q

Lower end of large intestine

Semi-solid waste (feces) stay here until egested via the anus

A

Rectum

157
Q

What does the pancreas look like?

A

A leaf

158
Q

Pancreas

A

PRODUCES INSULIN (BREAKDOWN SUGARS)

Produces enzymes that digest every type of nutrient

These enzymes are called proteases, amylases, lipases

The enzymes are secreted into the small intestine.

159
Q

What does the pancreas produce

A

Insulin (breakdown sugars)

160
Q

PRODUCES INSULIN (BREAKDOWN SUGARS)

Produces enzymes that digest every type of nutrient

These enzymes are called proteases, amylases, lipases

The enzymes are secreted into the small intestine.

A

Pancreas

161
Q

From where are enzymes severed into the small intestine

A

Pancreas

162
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

163
Q

Bile

A

Breaks fats down into “globs”

The globs gave more surface area for enzymes to do their jobs

164
Q

Breaks fats down into “globs”

The globs gave more surface area for enzymes to do their jobs

A

Bile

165
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile

Cleans out some of the garbage (alcohol)

166
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile

Secretes it into the small intestine

167
Q

From where is bile secreted into the small intestine?

A

Gall bladder

168
Q

What stores bile?

A

Gall bladder

169
Q

Ulcers

A

Damage to the stomach wall due to mucus lining thinning or being destroyed

Burning muscles of the stomach wall

170
Q

Damage to the stomach wall due to mucus lining thinning or being destroyed

Burning muscles of the stomach wall

A

Ulcers

171
Q

Constipation

A

Feces (poopie) is too hard because too much water has been removed.

172
Q

Feces (poopie) is too hard because too much water has been removed.

A

Constipation

173
Q

Diarrhea

A

Feces (poopie) has too much water due to the large intestine not absorbing enough.

174
Q

Feces (poopie) has too much water due to the large intestine not absorbing enough.

A

Diarrhea

175
Q

Nervous system

A

Coordinates body functions using nerve cells and brain

176
Q

Coordinates body functions using nerve cells and brain

A

Nervous system

177
Q

Brain

A

Major organ of nervous system

178
Q

Major organ of nervous system

A

Brain

179
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary movements

Heart beating, peristalsis, organ movement

180
Q

Involuntary movements

Heart beating, peristalsis, organ movement

A

Autonomic

181
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary motions

182
Q

Voluntary motions

A

Somatic

183
Q

Muscular system

A

Organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth (organs), and cardiac muscles

Permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body

184
Q

Tendents

A

Attaching muscle to bone

185
Q

Skeletal

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments and other tissues that perform movement

The internal support structure of the body
(Structural beams)

Protects organs

186
Q

Bones, cartilage, ligaments and other tissues that perform movement

The internal support structure of the body
(Structural beams)

Protects organs

A

Skeletal

187
Q

Organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth (organs), and cardiac muscles

Permits movement of the body, maintains posture and circulates blood throughout the body

A

Muscular system

188
Q

Reflex

A

Nerve cell receives stimulus

Sends message to the brain

Brain sends message to the muscle

189
Q

How do muscle and skeletal system react

A

They react to create movement

190
Q

Endocrine/ hormone response

A

Chemical messengers (hormones) send signals to body systems to cause movement

191
Q

Chemical messengers (_____) send signals to body systems to cause movement

A

Endocrine/hormone response

192
Q

Endocrine system

A

Collection of glands spread throughout the body that secretes hormones

193
Q

Collection of glands spread throughout the body that secretes hormones

A

Endocrine system

194
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers

195
Q

Chemical messengers

A

Hormones

196
Q

What do hormones do ?

A
  • Regulate growth, development, behaviors, reproduction
  • maintain HOMEOSTASIS
  • Responds to chemical stimuli from outside
197
Q
  • Regulate growth, development, behaviors, reproduction
  • maintain HOMEOSTASIS
  • Responds to chemical stimuli from outside
A

Hormones

198
Q

Feedback mechanisms

A

Loop system in which the sustenances responds to stimulus

199
Q

Loop system in which the sustenances responds to stimulus

A

Feedback mechanisms

200
Q

Negative hormone feedback

Example

A

One thing goes up, the other goes down

•as blood sugar increases, pancreas releases insulin which causes glucose to decrease

201
Q

One thing goes up, the other goes down

A

Negative hormone feedback

202
Q

Positive hormone feedback example

A

Oxytocin hormone causes contractions and the contractions that occur stimulate the production of more oxytocin

203
Q

Oxytocin hormone causes contractions and the contractions that occur stimulate the production of more oxytocin

A

Lost it I’ve hormone feedback

204
Q

Fight or flight

A

Stress simulated the adrenal gland to release adrenaline which causes the heart to pump faster and increase the blood flow (O2) around the body, leading to more cellular respiration and more ATP

205
Q

Stress simulated the adrenal gland to release adrenaline which causes the heart to pump faster and increase the blood flow (O2) around the body, leading to more cellular respiration and more ATP

A

Fight or flight

206
Q

How do hormones work

A

Each hormone is target specific, hey recognize the complimentary shapes on receptor cells

207
Q

Oxytocin

A

PITUITARY

Stimulated by positive feedback

Causes contractions, love hormone, happy hormone

208
Q

Stimulated by positive feedback

Causes contractions, love hormone, happy hormone

PITUITARY

A

Oxytocin

209
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulated by positive feedback

Milk production

PITUITARY

210
Q

Stimulated by positive feedback

Milk production

PITUITARY

A

Prolactin

211
Q

Thyroxine

A

Controls metabolism (heart rate, digestion, etc.)

THYROID

212
Q

Controls metabolism (heart rate, digestion, etc.)

THYROID

A

Thyroxine

213
Q

Adrenaline

A

Controls fight or flight response, increase blood circulation, raise heart rate

ADRENAL

214
Q

Controls fight or flight response, increase blood circulation, raise heart rate

ADRENAL

A

Adrenaline

215
Q

Estrogen

A

Female sex characteristics

OVARIES

216
Q

Female sex characteristics

OVARIES

A

Estrogen

217
Q

Testosterone

A

Mostly male sex characteristics

TESTES

218
Q

Mostly male sex characteristics

TESTES

A

Testosterone

219
Q

Pituitary hormones

A

Oxytocin

Prolactin

220
Q

Oxytocin

Prolactin

A

Pituitary glands

221
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Thyroxine

222
Q

Adrenal hormone

A

Adrenaline

223
Q

Insulin

A

Controls blood sugar

PANCREAS

224
Q

Pancreas hormone

A

Insulin

225
Q

Controls blood sugar

PANCREAS

A

Insulin

226
Q

Ovaries hormone

A

Estrogen

227
Q

Testes hormone

A

Testosterone

228
Q

Main job of the respiratory system

A

Provide our body with oxygen for cellular respiration, to remove CO2

229
Q

Plants exchange gases through

A

Stomates

230
Q

Plants take in _ and release _

A

CO2

O20

231
Q

Nasal cavity has a space which _____ the air, ________ which moisten the air, and ________ which filter the air

A

Warms

Mucus membranes

Hair

232
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

233
Q

Voice box

A

Larynx

234
Q

Trachea has rings of ______ to hold the airway open, ___________ (besting Haifa) and mucus to keep the airway clean

A

Cartilage

Cilia

235
Q

Bronchi are tubes that branch to each _____

A

Lung

236
Q

________ are the smaller tubes in the lungs

A

Bronchioles

237
Q

Alveoli are thin, __________ pockets of air surrounded by a _______

A

One cell later thick

Capillary

238
Q

Where does oxygen diffuse to the blood and CO2 diffuse from the flood

A

Alveoli and capillaries

239
Q

Allergies

A

Benign (non harmful) substances

Your body releases histamine that causes symptoms

240
Q

Benign (non harmful) substances

Your body releases histamine that causes symptoms

A

Allergies

241
Q

Asthma

A

Muscles around bronchioles tighten and won’t relax. The airway swells and mucus is produced

242
Q

Muscles around bronchioles tighten and won’t relax. The airway swells and mucus is produced

A

Asthma

243
Q

Bronchitis

A

Infection and inflammation

Hard to breath

244
Q

Emphysema

A

Alveoli become inelastic (can’t stretch anymore(

Living Evironment (10 decks)

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