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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Male part of a plant that creates pollen (plant sperm) {stamen}

Long tubes

A

Anther

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2
Q

Ovary in plants

A

Holds and releases seeds (plant eggs)

Middle part

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3
Q

Check plant structure diagram

A

-

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4
Q

What is pollen

A

Plant sperm

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5
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky pollen trap

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6
Q

Holds and releases seeds (plant eggs)

Middle part

A

Ovary in plants

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7
Q

Anther

A

Male part of a plant that creates pollen (plant sperm) {stamen}

Long tubes

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8
Q

Seed needs moisture, temperatures, and some soil nutrients

A

Germination

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9
Q

Monohybrid crosses

A

Crossing that involves a one trait difference

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10
Q

Why have colorful flowers and give off sweet smells?

A

Attract pollinators

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11
Q

Germination

A

Seed needs moisture, temperatures, and some soil nutrients

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12
Q

Crossing that involves a one trait difference

A

Monohybrid crosses

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13
Q

True breeding

A

Offspring only displays one form of the trait being tested

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14
Q

Offspring only displays one form of the trait being tested

A

True breeding

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15
Q

Inheritance

A

For each character/trait there are two copies of the gene (one from each parent)

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16
Q

For each character/trait there are two copies of the gene (one from each parent)

A

Inheritance

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17
Q

Different versions of the gene

A

Alleles

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18
Q

Dominant traits

A

If two different alleles are present, the trait that is expressed is the dominant trait

Capital letter

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19
Q

Sticky pollen trap

A

Stigma

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20
Q

If two different alleles are present, the trait that is expressed is the dominant trait

Capital letter

A

Dominant trait

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21
Q

Recessive trait

A

Trait not expressed when dominant form is present

Lowercase

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22
Q

Trait not expressed when dominant form is present

Lowercase

A

Recessive trait

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23
Q

Could 2 brown eyed parents have a blue eyed baby?

A

Yes, if both parents are heterozygous Bb

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24
Q

Alleles of different genes separate independently of one another

Ex pea color and pea shape

A

Law of independent assortment

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25
Q

Could 2 blue eyed parents have a brown eyed baby

A

No , you can only be homozygous recessive (bb)

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26
Q

Genotype

A

Set of alleles an individual has

Bb BB bb

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27
Q

Set of alleles an individual has

Bb BB bb

A

Genotype

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28
Q

Traits that are carried on the X or Y chromosome (mainly on X)

A

Sex linked traits

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29
Q

Two copies of the same gene

PP

pp

A

Homozygous

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31
Q

DIFFERENT genes of a trait

Pp

Dominant trait will be observable if an individual is heterozygous

A

Heterozygous

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32
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the gene

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33
Q

Observable characteristics (what you look like)

A

Phenotype

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34
Q

Law of segregation

A

Alleles separate when gametes are formed during meiosis

If segregation fails in humans —> extra chromosomes cause different disorders or non viable fetus

35
Q

Alleles separate when gametes are formed during meiosis

If segregation fails in humans —> extra chromosomes cause different disorders or non viable fetus

A

Law of segregation

36
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Needle is used to remove amniotic fluid that surrounds fetus

37
Q

Needle is used to remove amniotic fluid that surrounds fetus

A

Amniocentesis

38
Q

Down syndrome

A

Extra 21st chromosome

39
Q

Extra 21st chromosome

A

Down syndrome

40
Q

Linked traits

A

Traits that are inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome

Violates the law of independent assortment
Red hair and freckles

41
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Alleles of different genes separate independently of one another

Ex pea color and pea shape

42
Q

Traits that are inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome

Violates the law of independent assortment
Red hair and freckles

A

Linked traits

43
Q

Corn seedlings grown in the dark appear white. After being exposed to sunlight, the same seedlings turn green. The whiteness of these seedlings was most probably due to…

A

The environment

44
Q

Sex linked traits

A

Traits that are carried on the X or Y chromosome (mainly on X)

45
Q

Test cross

A

Cross the unknown with a homozygous recessive because if the organism shows the recessive trait it must be homozygous

Unknown dominant X Known homozygous
phenotype (BB or Bb) recessive (bb)

46
Q

Homozygous

A

Two copies of the same gene

PP

pp

46
Q

Heterozygous

A

DIFFERENT genes of a trait

Pp

Dominant trait will be observable if an individual is heterozygous

47
Q

Cross the unknown with a homozygous recessive because if the organism shows the recessive trait it must be homozygous

Unknown dominant X Known homozygous
phenotype (BB or Bb) recessive (bb)

A

Test cross

48
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Traits influenced by more than one gene

Difficult to determine exact outcomes with these traits

Eye color, skin color

49
Q

Traits influenced by more than one gene

Difficult to determine exact outcomes with these traits

Eye color, skin color

A

Polygenic inheritance

50
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Phenotype is an intermediate between the two parents.

Ex- wavy hair by straight hair and curly haired parents

51
Q

Phenotype is an intermediate between the two parents.

Ex- wavy hair by straight hair and curly haired parents

A

Incomplete dominance

52
Q

The individual with the condition will have at least one parent with the condition

A

Autosomal dominant

53
Q

See pedigree symbols

54
Q

Blood type alleles

55
Q

i allele

A

Blood type O

55
Q

Blood type A

56
Q

Blood type B

58
Q

I^b

A

Blood type B

59
Q

Blood type O

59
Q

Is blood type A or B dominant

A

None they are codominant

60
Q

Could a mother that is type a and a father that is type b have a type o baby

A

Yes

Dad I^b i

Mom I^a i

61
Q

What can affect traits

A

Environment

Ph

62
Q

Pedigrees

A

Family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

63
Q

Family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

65
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics (what you look like)

66
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

The individual with the condition will have at least one parent with the condition

67
Q

I^a

A

Blood type A

68
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Individual can have two parents that are not affected, but they must then be heterozygous for the trait

69
Q

Individual can have two parents that are not affected, but they must then be heterozygous for the trait

A

Autosomal recessive

70
Q

Check a pedigree

71
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Recessive trait

Poor blood circulation because mutated produces defective hemoglobin and red blood cells are sickle shaped

72
Q

Recessive trait

Poor blood circulation because mutated produces defective hemoglobin and red blood cells are sickle shaped

Common in African ancestors

A

Sickle cell anemia

73
Q

Heterozygous sickle cell anemia

A

Provides advantage from malaria

Sickle cell individuals have both normal red blood cells and sickle cells. Cause the death of malaria

74
Q

Hemophilia

A

Sex linked recessive trait

Blood fails to clot and small cuts can be deadly

75
Q

Sex linked recessive trait

Blood fails to clot and small cuts can be deadly

A

Hemophilia

76
Q

Provides advantage from malaria

Sickle cell individuals have both normal red blood cells and sickle cells. Cause the death of malaria

A

Heterozygous sickle cell anemia

77
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Individual can have two parents that are not affected, but they must then be heterozygous for the trait

78
Q

Check a pedigree

79
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Individual can have two parents that are not affected, but they must then be heterozygous for the trait

80
Q

Individual can have two parents that are not affected, but they must then be heterozygous for the trait

A

Autosomal recessive

81
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Individual can have two parents that are not affected, but they must then be heterozygous for the trait

82
Q

Check a pedigree

Living Evironment (10 decks)

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