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Living Evironment > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the cell cycle or cell division cycle ?

A

The series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell between the formation of the cell and the time where the cell gets replicated.

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2
Q

The series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell between the formation of the cell and the time where the cell gets replicated.

A

Cell cycle/ cell division cycle

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3
Q

In what type of cell does the cell cycle occur in?

A

Eukaryotic cells

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4
Q

2 main phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

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5
Q

What is occurring in a cell during interphase?

A

The cell is forming and it carries on with its regular metabolic functions

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6
Q

The cell is forming and it carries on with its regular metabolic functions

A

Interphase

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7
Q

What is occurring during the mitosis phase?

A

The cell is replicating itself

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8
Q

In which phase does the cell replicate itself?

A

Mitosis phase

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9
Q

A fertilized cell develops into a ______ organism during the cell cycle

A

Mature

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10
Q

Name at least three things that form during the cycle

A

Hair
Skin
Blood cells
Internal organs

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11
Q

What process NEVER occurs in interphase?

A

Cell division

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12
Q

Where are chromatids found in a cell?

A

In the nucleus

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13
Q

Chromatids are made of a molecule called _______

A

DNA

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14
Q

See note called chromosome

A

1- chromatid
2- centromere
3- short arm
4-long arm

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15
Q

In what PHASE do most cells spend the majority of their lifetime?

A

Interphase

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16
Q

How often do human skin cells divide each day?

A

Once a day

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17
Q

How many hours per day is a human skin cell in interphase?

A

Roughly 22 hours

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18
Q

What type of cell may spend decades in interphase instead of dividing?

A

Nerve cells

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19
Q

Name the 3 stages in interphase

A

G1
S phase
G2

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20
Q

G1
S phase
G2

A

Stages in interphase

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21
Q

What does G1 stand for and what occurs in this stage?

A

Growth 1

The cell creates organelles and begins to metabolize

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22
Q

The cell creates organelles and begins to metabolize

A

G1

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23
Q

What does S stand for and what occurs in this stage?

A

Synthesis

DNA synthesis occurs in which chromosomes are copied

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24
Q

DNA synthesis occurs in which chromosomes are copied

A

S phase

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25
Q

What does G2 stand for and what occurs in this stage?

A

Growth 2

Cell grows to prepare for cell division

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26
Q

Cell grows to prepare for cell division

A

G2

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27
Q

From what stage of the cell cycle do cells sometimes EXIT?

A

G1 phase

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28
Q

What happens to cells that enter the G0 phase?

A

They are alive but they cannot divide and they do not copy their own DNA

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29
Q

They are alive but they cannot divide and they do not copy their own DNA

A

G0 phase

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30
Q

Name 3 types of cells that enter the G0 phase when they are mature?

A

Heart muscle cells, eye cells, and brain cells

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31
Q

What happens if G0 cells are damaged during your lifetime?

A

They cannot be replaced

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32
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Process where a single cell is divided into two identical daughter cells whenever the cytoplasm is divided

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33
Q

Process where a single cell is divided into two identical daughter cells whenever the cytoplasm is divided

A

Cytokinesis

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34
Q

What stage occurs after cytokinesis

A

G1 stage

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35
Q

What part of the cell is divided during cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm

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36
Q

What are the new cells called and how do they compare with eachother

A

Daughter cells

Identical

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37
Q

What is the major thing happening to a cell during G1

A

The cell is growing and synthesizing proteins and organelles

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38
Q

What cell structures are made in G1

A

Organelles

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39
Q

Since proteins and _______ are being made during G1, there is a great amount of protein _______ occurring

A

Enzymes

Synthesis

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40
Q

What does the S phase stand for?

A

Synthesis phase

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41
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

DNA synthesis or replication

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42
Q

Each chromosome originally is made of how many DNA molecules and how does this molecule appear in the chromosome?

A

One DNA molecule. In a chromosome it has one DNA double helix (or cromatid)

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43
Q

Chromatid

A

DNA double helix

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44
Q

At the end of S phase each chromosome has how many coiled DNA molecules?

A

Two identical DNA double helix molecules (chromatids)

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45
Q

What structure holds the duplicated chromosomes together and is also copied during the S phase?

A

Centromere

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46
Q

What is the final and shortest phase of interphase?

A

The G2 phase

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47
Q

About how long would a typical cell be in the G2 phase?

A

Four to five hours

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48
Q

How is the cell prepared for mitosis during the G2 phase?

A

It produces all of the enzymes that the cell will need in order to divide

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49
Q

What follows the G2 phase?

A

Mitosis

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50
Q

What part of the cell is actually dividing in mitosis?

A

Nucleus

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51
Q

What is another name for mitosis

A

Karyokinesis

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52
Q

Karyokinesis

A

Mitosis

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53
Q

When are the chromosomes duplicated - before or after mitosis?

A

Before

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54
Q

What process follows mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

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55
Q

The nucleus is divided during _______, while cytoplasm of the cell is divided during __________

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

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56
Q

How do the two new cells compare with each other?

A

They are both identical with an equal distribution of organelles

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57
Q

The two new cells are called ____ cells

A

Daughter

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58
Q

Does mitosis occur in prokaryotes? Explain why or why not.

A

Mitosis does not occur I. Prokaryotes because they do not have a nucleus

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59
Q

What process is used by bacteria to divide and reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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60
Q

Body cells are called ________ cells, while reproductive cells are known as ______ cells

A

Somatic

Germ

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61
Q

Name the 4 mitotic stages

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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62
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in an animal cell?

A

The cells divide the cytoplasm

By constructing the cell membrane in the center to form a cleavage forrow

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63
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in a plant cell?

A

Form a cell plate

In the center in order to divide the cytoplasm

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64
Q

Genetic material is called ______ during interphase and IS/IS NOT clearly visible

A

Chromatin

Is not

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65
Q

What makes The chromosomes become visible during prophase?

A

The DNA molecules are shortened and condensed by coiling

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66
Q

What Is used to help break down the nuclear membrane?

A

Enzymes

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67
Q

Besides the nucleus, what else is broken down during prophase?

A

Nucleolus

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68
Q

What forms during prophase to later attach and move chromosomes?

A

Spindle fibers

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69
Q

Doubled chromosomes are held together by the ________

A

Centromeres

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70
Q

Where do chromosomes line up during metaphase?

A

At the equator

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71
Q

During what stage are sister chromatids separated and moved to opposite ends of the cell?

A

Anaphase

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72
Q

Four things that happen during telophase

A

Nucleotides reform

Nuclear envelope reform

Chromosomes uncoil

Spindle fibers disintegrate

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73
Q

Nucleotides reform

Nuclear envelope reform

Chromosomes uncoil

Spindle fibers disintegrate

A

Telophase

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74
Q

See plant cells in mitosis

Name them

A

Interphase

Metaphase

Prophase

Anaphase

Telophase

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75
Q

How long does interphase take up

A

90% of the cell cycle

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76
Q

90% of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

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77
Q

G1

A

Cell grows and carries out regular functions

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78
Q

Cell grows and carries out regular functions

A

G1

79
Q

G0

A

Cells that are not capable of dividing and if the cell dies they can not be replaced

80
Q

Cells that are not capable of dividing and if the cell dies they can not be replaced

A

G0

81
Q

From where do cells enter the G0 phase

A

G1

82
Q

S-phase

A

Synthesis of DNA

83
Q

Synthesis of DNA

A

S-phase

84
Q

At the end of the s phase, each originals chromosome consists of two __________ connected by the _________

A

Chromatids

Centromere

85
Q

What is the cell preparing to do in the G2 phase

A

Preparing to divide

86
Q

Preparing to divide

A

G2 phase

87
Q

Where is DNA checked to make sure there are no errors?

A

G2 phase

88
Q

_________ will repair any errors in DNA that was synthesized

A

Enzymes

89
Q

Microtubules

A

Cell structure that helps transport materials for cells

90
Q

Cell structure that helps transport materials for cells

A

Microtubules

91
Q

G2

A

Preparing to divide
Enzymes correct DNA
microtubules are rearranged for mitosis

92
Q

Preparing to divide
Enzymes correct DNA
microtubules are rearranged for mitosis

A

G2

93
Q

In which phase are microtubules rearranged for mitosis

A

G2

94
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division

Creates new cells

95
Q

Cell division

Creates new cells

A

Mitosis

96
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear membrane begins to break down

Centrosomes with centrioles inside migrate to poles of the cell (animal cells)

97
Q

Centrioles

A

Helps the movement of chromosomes during division

Associated with the spindle

98
Q

Helps the movement of chromosomes during division

Associated with the spindle

A

Centrioles

99
Q

Nuclear membrane begins to break down

Centrosomes with centrioles inside migrate to poles of the cell (animal cells)

A

Prophase

100
Q

In which phase does the nucleolous disappear?

A

Prophase

101
Q

In which phase does chromatin condense into chromosomes?

A

Prophase

102
Q

Separation of chromosomes

A

Prophase

103
Q

Prophase is the separation of ______

A

Chromosomes

104
Q

Formations of the mitotic spindle occurs in which phase?

A

Prophase

105
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes like up at the equator

Spindle fibers link chromosomes to opposite poles

106
Q

Chromosomes line up at the equator

Spindle fibers link chromosomes to opposite poles

A

Metaphase

107
Q

In which phase do chromosomes line up at the equator?

A

Metaphase

108
Q

In which phase do spindle fibers link chromosomes to opposite poles

A

Metaphase

109
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide and chromatids (now chromosomes) move toward poles as spindle fibers shorten

110
Q

Centromeres divide and chromatids (now chromosomes) move toward poles as spindle fibers shorten

A

Anaphase

111
Q

Where do chromosomes move toward poles?

A

Anaphase

112
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at the poles
Spindle dissolves
Chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis begins as cleavage
Furrow forms (cell membranes pinches inward)

113
Q

Nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at the poles
Spindle dissolves
Chromosomes uncoil
Cytokinesis begins as cleavage
Furrow forms (cell membranes pinches inward)

A

Telophase

114
Q

In which phase does the nuclear membrane form around the chromosomes?

A

Telophase

115
Q

In which phase does the spindle dissolve?

A

Telophase

116
Q

In which phase do the chromosomes uncoil

A

Telophase

117
Q

In which phase does the furrow form

A

Telophase

118
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm of the cell divides in half equally

Two genetically identical cells are produces

119
Q

Cytoplasm of the cell divides in half equally

Two genetically identical cells are produces

A

Cytokinesis

120
Q

When does the cytoplasm of the cell divide?

A

Cytokinesis

121
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Cell plate forms across the middle of the cell to separate the two ends of the plant cell into two separate cells

Cell plate is formed by golgi vesicles

122
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Connecting two cells during telophase

123
Q

Order of mitosis

A

Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

124
Q

In which cell is the cell plate formed

A

Plant cell

125
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell division

126
Q

Telomeres

A

Tips of chromosomes

Become shorter with each cell division and eventually the cell will no longer be able to divide

127
Q

Tips of chromosomes

Become shorter with each cell division and eventually the cell will no longer be able to divide

A

Telomeres

128
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death

129
Q

Apoptosis example

A

Weaving between toes and fingers during development

130
Q

Somatic cells

A

All body cells EXCEPT EGG AND SPERM CELLS

Full set of DNA/ diploid

131
Q

All body cells EXCEPT EGG AND SPERM CELLS

Full set of DNA/ diploid

A

Somatic cells

132
Q

Diploid

A

2 (di) sets of each chromosome (2n)

N= number of chromosome sets

Humans have 46

133
Q

2 (di) sets of each chromosome (2n)

N= number of chromosome sets

Humans have 46

A

Diploid

134
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

Haploid/ monoploid- half the DNA of every other type of body cell

135
Q

Sex cells

Haploid/ monoploid- half the DNA of every other type of body cell

A

Gametes

136
Q

Homologous

A

Two chromosomes that each code for the same traits (ex: one from mom and one from dad) from the opposite sex parents

137
Q

Two chromosomes that each code for the same traits (ex: one from mom and one from dad) from the opposite sex parents

A

Homologous

138
Q

Meiosis

A

2 rounds of cell division to reduce cells to haploid number

Reduction phase

139
Q

2 rounds of cell division to reduce cells to haploid number

Reduction phase

A

Meiosis

140
Q

Before meiosis

A

Interphase

Germ cells- diploid cells replicate

DNA - creating a second set of homologous chromosomes

141
Q

Prophase |

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down
CROSSING OVER occurs

Nucleus beak down

The chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent

142
Q

What does crossing over create?

A

Genetic variation

143
Q

Crossing over

A

Two sets of homologous chromosomes join and exchange bits

144
Q

Two sets of homologous chromosomes join and exchange bits

A

Crossing over

145
Q

Nuclear membrane breaks down
CROSSING OVER occurs

Nucleus beak down

The chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent

A

Prophase |

146
Q

Metaphase |

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes (tetrads) move to the equator of the cell

147
Q

Pairs of homologous chromosomes (tetrads) move to the equator of the cell

A

Metaphase |

148
Q

Anaphase |

A

Homologous chromosomes move to poles of the cell

149
Q

Homologous chromosomes move to poles of the cell

A

Anaphase |

150
Q

Tetrad

A

2 chromosome x’s together

151
Q

2 chromosome x’s together

A

Tetrad

152
Q

Meiosis | amount of chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes

153
Q

Meiosis || amount of chromosomes

A

23

154
Q

Which two processes are involved in mitotic cell division

A) Nuclear duplication and cytoplasmic division
B)Nuclear duplication and cytoplasmic duplication
C)Spermatogenesis and cytoplasmic duplication
D) Oogenesis and cytoplasmic division

A

A

155
Q

Which mitotic event in the chart occurs after the other three events have taken place

A)appearance of spindle fibers
B) Separation of chromatids by the action of spindle fibers
C) Disintegration of the nuclear membrane
D)Replication of chromosomes

A

B

156
Q

Student using a compound light microscope is observing sells undergoing mitotic cell division. If the cells are from a bean plant, which process could the student observe?

A)The formation of a cell plate between two new cells
B)The replication of centrioles
C) Pinching in of the cell membrane to form two cells
D) The pairing of homologous chromosomes

A

A

157
Q

What would most likely result if mitosis was not accomplished by cytoplasmic division

A)Two cells, each with one nucleus
B) Two cells, each without a nucleus
C) One cell with two identical nuclei
D) One cell without a nucleus

A

C

158
Q

The process of mitosis usually involves

A)Chromosome duplication and synapsis
B) DNA replication and separation of chromatids
C) Tetrad formation and fertilization
D) reduction in chromosomes number and formation of cell plate

A

B

159
Q

What is one difference between mitotic cell division in plants and mitotic cell division in animals?

A) chromosomes are replicated in plants but not in animals
B) the replicated chromosomes separate in plants but not in animals
C) a cell plate divides the cytoplasm in plants but not in animals
D) the nuclear membrane reforms in plants but not in animals

A

C

160
Q

How many chromosomes will be found in each of the two new cells formed as a result of mitotic cell division?
A) only one-half as many chromosomes as the parent cell
B) twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell
C) three times as many chromosomes as the parent cell
D) the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

D

161
Q

The diploid chromosome number in a certain species of fish is 20. How many chromosomes would normally be found in bone cell of this fish?

A

20

162
Q

If the diploid chromosome number of a cloned plant is 12, the chromosome number of the plant cell used to produce the cloned plant is

A

12

163
Q

Sexual reproduction requires more energy and resource, what’s the average then?

A) it increases genetic diversity.
B) it can help prevent disease epidemics.
C) it can help us cope with environment changes.
D) all of the above

A

D

164
Q

A diploid female lizard produces diploid offspring that are genetically identical to herself. This type of reproduction requires:

A) meiosis
B) mitosis
C) mitosis, then meiosis
D) none of the above

A

B

165
Q

Chromosome A contains genes for an eye color of hazel. Chromosome B contains genes for hair color of hazel, and chromosome C contains genera for an eye color of blue.

A) chromosomes A and B are homologous
B) Chromosomes B and C are homologous
C) chromosomes A and C are homologous
D) None of the chromosomes are homologous to one another

A

C

166
Q

Suppose that a cell is unable to replicate its DNA. Which of the following would not be present in this cell?

A) sister chromatids 
B) centromere 
C) DNA 
D) genes 
E)homologous chromosomes
A

A

167
Q

True/ false

If a parent cell contained 30 chromosomes, it’s daughter cells would contain 15 following mitosis.

A

False

168
Q

Gonads

A

Sex organs

169
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Results in 4 haploid sperm cells

170
Q

Results in 4 haploid sperm cells

A

Spermatogenesis

171
Q

Oogenesis

A

Results in 4 haploid cells but only 1 egg and 3 tiny polar bodies

172
Q

Results in 4 haploid cells but only 1 egg and 3 tiny polar bodies

A

Oogenesis

173
Q

Polar bodies

A

Produced in oogenesis (egg formation) are usually discarded

174
Q

Produced in oogenesis (egg formation) are usually discarded

A

Polar bodies

175
Q

How many polar bodies are produced in oogenesis?

A

3

176
Q

Budding

A

Organism grows a new appendage that eventually creates a new organism

Yeast - yeast with a BUD

177
Q

Organism grows a new appendage that eventually creates a new organism

A

Budding

178
Q

Runners and leaf cutting

A

Plant roots grow out and create a new plant

179
Q

Plant roots grow out and create a new plant

A

Runners

(Leaf cutting)

180
Q

Tubers

Example

A

Each bud can form a new plant- genetically identical plant

Potato famine

181
Q

Each bud can form a new plant- genetically identical plant

Potato famine

A

Tubers

182
Q

Regeneration

A

When some organisms are cut into pieces the parts grow into new separate organisms

Starfish, worm

183
Q

When some organisms are cut into pieces the parts grow into new separate organisms

Starfish, worm

A

Regeneration

184
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg (fertilized by polar bodies)

185
Q

Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg (fertilized by polar bodies)

A

Parthenogenesis

186
Q

A cell with two of each kind of chromosome is called a ______ cell

A

Diploid

187
Q

A ______ is the cell created when a sperm enters an egg

A

Zygote

188
Q

Zygote

A

The cell created when the sperm enters the egg

189
Q

How many daughter cells are created at the end of meiosis 1 ?

A

2

190
Q

How many daughter cells are created at the end of meiosis 2 ?

A

4

191
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes are present in each cell at the end of meiosis 1 ?

A

46

192
Q

What is the important outcome of meiosis?

A

Crossing over and genetic variation

193
Q

Does mitosis involve the duplication of chromosomes?

A

Yes

194
Q

Gonads

A

Sex cells

Living Evironment (10 decks)

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