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Animal Biology - Btec > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Male Reproductive System consist of?

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens / Deferent Duct
  • Prostate Gland
  • Urethra
  • Penis
  • Bulbo-urethral Gland (cats)
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2
Q

What does the Female Reproductive System consist of?

A
  • Eggs (Ova)
  • Ovaries
  • Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
  • Vestibule
  • Vulva
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3
Q

What is the structure of the Testes?

A
  • Oval pair
  • Lies within scrotum
  • Consists of coiled seminiferous tubules that contain two cells: Spermatogenic and Sertoli
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4
Q

What is the function of the Testes?

A
  • Produce sperm
  • Produces testosterone
  • Produces fluid to help transport and aid survival of sperm
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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the Epididymis?

A
  • Structure:
    • Coiled
  • Function:
    • Stores and matures sperm
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6
Q

What is the function of the Vas Deferens?

A
  • Carries / transports sperm from epididymis to the urethra
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7
Q

What is the function of the Prostate Gland?

A
  • Adds secretions to sperm as it passes along vas deferens which:
    • Adds nutrients
    • Increases volume of ejaculate
    • Neutralise acid found in urethra
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8
Q

What is the function of the Urethra?

A
  • Transports sperm and urine out of the body
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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the Ovaries?

A
  • Structure:
    • Pair, opposite sides of abdomen
    • Made up of connective tissues, blood capillaries and muscle
    • Held in place by a ligament
  • Function:
    • Matures ova for fertilisation
    • Secretes oestrogen
    • Secretes progesterone
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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the Oviducts?

A
  • Structure:
    • Pair, one connected to each ovary
    • Lined with ciliates columnar epithelium
  • Functions:
    • Collects ova from ovaries
    • Provides correct environment for survival of ova and sperm
    • Transports fertilised / unfertilised ova to the uterus
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11
Q

What is the structure of the Uterus?

A
  • Y shaped in cats and dogs
  • Consists of two parts: Uterine horns and a central short body
  • Lined with endometrium, thickens for nutrition to embryos
  • Around is a thick muscle wall called myometrium, contracts during parturition
    • Smooth muscle
    • Contracts involuntary
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12
Q

What is the function of the Uterus?

A
  • Holds fertilised ova until developed into full term foetuses
  • Provides correct environment for survival of developing embryo
  • Provides nutrients (placenta) to the foetuses
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13
Q

What is the structure and function of the Cervix?

A
  • Structure:
    • Thick walled
    • Muscular structure
  • Function:
    • The centre of the cervix (cervical canal) relaxes during parturition to allow foetus to be pushed through
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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the Vagina and the Vestibule?

A
  • Structure:
    • Together forms channel between cervix and vulva
    • Shaped to fit the penis during mating
  • Function:
    • Convey sperm from male into female
    • Convey foetuses from uterus to outside world
    • Convey urine from bladder to outside of body
    • Produces acidic mucus to kill bacteria
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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the Vulva?

A
  • Structure:
    • External
    • Labiae = two vertices lips joined top and bottom (vulval cleft in between)
    • Clitoris = Small knob of eretile tissue
  • Function:
    • Swells when in season to attract males
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16
Q

What is the Gestation and Implantation length of a Dog?

A
  • Gestation: 63 days (9 weeks)

- Implantation: 8 days

17
Q

What is the Gestation and Implantation length of a Cat?

A
  • Gestation: 63 days (9 weeks)

- Implantation: 11 days

18
Q

What is the Gestation and Implantation length of a Rabbit?

A
  • Gestation: 31 days

- Implantation: 6 days

19
Q

What is the Gestation and Implantation length of a Cow?

A
  • Gestation: 280 days (9 months)

- Implantation: 30 days

20
Q

What is the Gestation and Implantation length of a Pig?

A
  • Gestation: 115 days

- Implantation: 13 days

21
Q

Describe the Fertilisation process

A

1) Oocyte: Normal egg cell
2) Fertilisation: Sperm enters egg
3) Formation of pro-nuclei: Before genetic info from sperm and egg fuses
4) Fusion of pro-nuclei: Genetic info fuses
5) Cell division: First cleavage of cell
6) Two cell state: Division
7) Four cell state: Division
8) Eight cell state: Division
9) Blastocyte: Cavity appears
10) Implantation: Sticks to uterus tissue

22
Q

What are the 4 stages in the Bitch Oestrus Cycle?

A

POMA

1) Pro-oestrus: 7 days
2) Oestrus: 7 days
3) Metoestrus: 55 days
4) Anoestrus: 4+ Months

23
Q

Describe the Bitch’s Oestrus Cycle

A
  • Stage 1: Developing an egg
    • Behaviour changes
    • Vulva swells
    • Bloody discharge
  • Stage 2: Ovulation, egg releases
    • Bitch allows mating
    • Clear discharge
  • Stage 3: Potentially pregnant
    • Progesterone surge, if not pregnant this only lasts a week
  • Stage 4: Natural self
    • No eggs released
    • No hormone activity
24
Q

What are the stages in a Queen’s Oestrus Cycle?

A

1) Pro-oestrus: 2-3 days
2) Oestrus: 2-10 days
3a) Interoestrus: 3-14 days
3b) Pregnant: 9 weeks
4) Anoestrus: 4+ months

25
Q

Describe the Queen’s Oestrus Cycle

A
  • Stage 1: Egg developing
    • Vulval discharge
    • Won’t allow mating
  • Stage 2: Eggs developed
    • Calling for mates
    • Allows mating; penis scratches vagina which releases LH, causing ovulation
  • Stage 3a: Pause / rest
    • Will repeat stages 1-3 until pregnant if summer
  • Stage 3b: Pregnant
    • Progesterone levels high
  • Stage 4: Natural state
    • No hormone activity
26
Q

What is FSH?

A
  • Increases to develop eggs for release
27
Q

What is the function of Oestrogen?

A
  • Thickens womb lining
  • Creates more cervical mucus
  • Prepares uterus for pregnancy
  • Drops after egg is released
28
Q

What is the function of LB?

A
  • A surge causes ovulation
29
Q

What is the function of Progesterone?

A
  • High after ovulation to maintain a pregnancy

- Drops if not pregnant

30
Q

What is the function of Spermatogenisis?

A
  • Produces sperm

- Constant process

31
Q

What is the function of Testosterone?

A
  • Causes production and maturation of sperm
32
Q

What is the function of oogensis?

A
  • Production of egg cells

- Uses FSH, LH, Oestrogen and Progesterone

33
Q

Describe the Bitch’s Parturition process

A
  • Occurs in 3 stages
    1) 24 hours before, bitch will be restless, pant and shiver. Progesterone levels drop

2) Oestrogen levels rise, causes uterine contractions and softening of cervix.
• Birth begins after cervix has dilated, pelvis and abdomen stretch / move
• Muscle around uterus contracts to start squeezing baby out

3) Contractions become longer and stronger
• Watersac containing puppy can be seen in vulva
• Bitch years watersac and licks puppy to encourage breathing
• Placenta passes after puppy is born, attached to puppy with umbilical cord

34
Q

Describe the Lactation process:

A
  • Prolactin starts process, triggers mammary gland to start milk production
  • As puppies suckle, oxytocin is released which stimulates milk let-down
    • Sight, sound, smell and feeling can also stimulate oxytocin

Animal Biology - Btec (17 decks)

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