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ATAR Human Biology yr 11 > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

what does gametogenisis produce

A

spermazoa in the testes which is called spermatogenisis

or

the formation of ova in the ovary called oogenesis

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2
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

in the senifirous tubule off each off the testis

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3
Q

the senifous tubules are lined with a immature cell call ………….. or the mother cell witch contain a ……….. number of chromosomes

A

1 spermatogonia

2. diploid

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4
Q

when do the spermatagonia begin dividing by mitosis

A

at puberty

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5
Q

Explain the production of sperm

A
  1. at puberty the spermatogonia or mother cell which are found in the lining of the seniforous tubules which are diploid meaning they have 46 chromosomes will begin to divide by mitosis
  2. The daughter cells from the spermatogonia are then pushed inwards to the centre of the tubules where they will undergo a period of growth these are them called primary spermatocytes enlarged spermicides are deployed just like spermatogonia
  3. The primary spermocyte will divide going through its first miotic division to produce a secondary spermocyte The secondary spermatocytes are called haploid meaning they have 23 chromosomes
  4. A second miotic division will occur and the spermocytes will form spermatid thus four spermatids are formed from the diploid spermatagoisa
  5. The spermatid will then mature to spermatozoa in the epiditimus
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6
Q

Describe the production of ova

A

Step one: before a female is born they have millions of mother cells or oogonia these are diploid
meaning they have 46 chromosomes

Step two: when the child is born each ovary contained several hundreds and thousands of the oogonia which have formed primary oocytes after a growth period

Step three: the primary oocyte will begin prophase of its first meiotic division but the process will then stop at this point (at birth still in first phase of prophase) each primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of cells forming a primary follicle
Step four: at puberty growth and maturation begins as the follicle matures The oocyte Within completes its first division of meiosis producing to haploid cells these are an equal in size the larger one is called the secondary site oocyte and the smaller one is known as the polar body

Step five: the secondary ocyte Will immediately commence its second division of meiosis but stops at metaphase at this stage ovulation will occur the focal ruptures expelling the secondary oocyte along with the polar body

Step six: the secondary oocyte will enter the uterine tubes and if penetrated with a spermatozoon meiosis will quickly complete

If not meet with sperm the ovum will remain dormant

-The second division of meiosis results in two haploid cells the large one develops to an ovum and the other to a second polar body

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7
Q

What is the skin pouch which hold the testes

A

The scrotum

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8
Q

Why do the testes lie in the scrotum

A

Because the production of sperm requires a body temperature 2 degrees lower than that of the body temperature so the skin of the scrotum will move the testes toward the the body were it is warmer if needed or can relax away from the body if necessary

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9
Q

What is the functional feature of the penis and uretha in a male

A

Penis Organ for passing urine and transferring sperm from the male too female during sexual intercorse

Urethra carries semen and urine out of the body

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10
Q

What is the structural and functional features of the testes and the vas defers

A

Testes Are internally divided between 200 and 300 loubs filled with fine tubes called senifirous tubules inside these are lined with cells which produce sperm the testis are also where testestrone is produced

Vas deferens is a sperm duct which carries the sperm away from the epiditimus to the uretra

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11
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland

A

The prostate gland is where the vas defrenes and the uretha join Secretes and alkaline fluid that helps to activate the sperm and becomes part of the semen

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12
Q

Explain the functional and Structural features of the epiditimus

A

There’s a highly folded tubule that fits against the rear surface of each testis sperm enters The epiditimus and is stored there for up to a month while they mature

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13
Q

What is the function and structure of the bulbo urethral glad

A

Two small yellow glands each the size of a Pea located beneath the prostate on either side of the uretha they secrete a clear mucus which is carried by the urethra by a duct from each gland this secretion acts as a lubricant for the seminal fluid

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14
Q

Explain the corpus …… / erectile tissue function and structure

A

Has many spongey spaces fill with blood during sexual arousal this causes the penis to enlarge stiffen and become erect

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15
Q

What are the female goandas

A

The Ovaries

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16
Q

Explain the structural and functional features of the uterus

A

Its is majority made up of smooth muscle and stretchy elastic tissue which prepares to look after a baby or sheds the lining if implantation does not occur

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17
Q

explain the physical and structural functions off the seminal vesicles

A

pouch like organs which are behind the urinary bladder they secrete thick fluid which is rich in fluid which makes up 60% of volume of semen

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18
Q

explain the function of seminal fluid

A

nourishes and aids the transport of sperm this fluid is a mixture of secretions from the seminal vesical the prostate glad and bubo ureteral glad

19
Q

What is the function/ structure of the uterine tubes/fallopian tubes

A

Function: they carried the egg from an ovary to the uterus
Structure: funnel like openings which extend from each ovary

20
Q

Explain the structure and function of fimbriae

A

Function: they help guide the egg into the uterine tubes
Structure: fringed finger like projections which touch the surface of the ovary

21
Q

What helps the movement of the egg through the uterine tubes

A

The cilia on the surface of the uterine tubes and the contractions of smooth muscle on the walls of the uterine tubes

22
Q

What is the function and structure of the uterus

A

Structure: a single hollow pair shaped organ situated behind the bladder but in front of the rectum made up of smooth muscle with soft mucus membrane lining called endometrium
Function: protecting and nourishing/developing a fetus during pregnancy

23
Q

What is the cervix

A

The cervix is the neck of the uterus and leads into the vagina

24
Q

What is the function of the vagina

A

Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Forms the birth quenelle during childbirth

Note: The vagina is a muscular structure around 10 cm in length which is lined with a mucus membrane and is a Kanow leading outside of the body which is able to stretch

25
Q

Explain the parts which make up the Vulva (labia majora labia minora and clitoris)

A

Labia majora: to flashy folds of skin made up of fat and fibrous tissue there outer surface are pigmented and covered in hair after puberty and the inner surface is smooth and lacks hair and moist from oily secretions

Labia minora: To smaller folds of skin without fat which surround the space around the urethra and the vagina opening

Clitoris: contains the erectile tissue blood vessels and nerves it is very sensitive to touch and becomes filled with the blood when stimulated

26
Q

Explain the follicle stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates the development and maturation of the ovarian follicles in females during its development

27
Q

How is oestrogen produced

A

The ovarian follicle secretes oestrogen (as levels of oestrogen increase FSH is reduced) 

28
Q

Explain what the luteinising hormone does in females

A

Promotes the final maturation of the ovarian follicle, ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum.

29
Q

Fill the blanks

The corpus luteum secretes …………… as well as …………..there a gradual reduction in the production of the ………………. reduce as the level of progesterone in the blood increases

A

1 /2 progesterone
1/2 oestrogen
3 lutenising hormone

30
Q

Explain the function of follicle stimulating hormone in males

A

FSH stimulates the epithelial tissue of the snow fresh tubules in the testes to produce sperm

31
Q

Explain what the luteinising Hormone does in males

A

Stimulates cells in the testes to secrete hormone testosterone

32
Q

What is the role of testosterone

A

It is important for the development of immature sperm cells (Spermatid) into mature sperm (spermatozoa)
It also has a major role in the maintenance of the male reproductive organs and sex drive

33
Q

What is the difference between the Exocrine and Endocrine gland

A

The Endocrine secretes a hormone directly into the circuitry system and this hormone usually target cells
The exocrine it is its products into a duct for example the slivery gland

34
Q

What is menstrual cycle

A

The female reproductive cycle which changes occurred to the ovary uterus hormone levels breasts and cervix on a monthly basis it is approximately 28 days on average

35
Q

What is the ovarian cycle

A

The series of changes which occur in the ovary during the maturation of the over this process occurs over 28 days on average

36
Q

What is ovulation

A

The release of a mature ovum into the uterine tubes

37
Q

Explain why in a normal circumstances the mothers blood and fetal blood do not come in contact

A

Because the mother and the fetus is veins and arteries are separated by a membrane this means that the mother‘s address belong to her and the foetuses arteries and veins belong to them the membrane which separates the fetus and the mother allows for only some nutrients and wastes like CO2 to travel through where as larger particles like components of blood cannot travel through

38
Q

What does the hormone prolactin do

A

Promotes growth of breasts and production of milk

39
Q

Discuss the events of the ovarian cycle

A

The ovarian cycle is a series of events that take place with in the ovaries it includes maturation of an egg and it releases into the train tubes associated with these events is the development of follicles in the ovary and the formation of the corpus Lutem

At puberty Some of the primary follicles which contain a primary ocytee undergo further development. In the first half of the ovarian cycle levels of FSH and luteinising hormone slowly increase promoting the growth of the follicles The follicle will ..

  1. Cells forming the wall of the primary follicle begin to enlarge and divide creating a layer of cells around the developing oocyte
  2. Secretions from these cells create fluid filled space that force through site to the edge of the secondary follicle
  3. More fluid accumulates with in the follicle it continues to enlarge and gradually move towards the surface of the ovary
  4. Once it has reached the surface of the ovary A bulge looking blister or form on the ovary

At day 14 the levels of oestrogen a high enough to stimulate a spike in LH and FSH the surge in LH causes the ovulation of the mature follicle while other follicles degenerate releasing oestrogen at ovulation the mature follicle bursts expelling the occyte into the uterine tubes

Following ovulation the follicle will collapse and the blood within forms a clot this clot will be absorbed by remaining follicle cells which in large and form a cream coloured body otherwise known as the corpus luteum the Coppers Luton secretes oestrogen and progesterone which influences the development of the lining of the uterus preparing for implantation if fertilisation occurs it also inhibits the release of FS Hache and LH which prevents Another follicle from for me after 8 to 10 days after ovulation the corpus luteum Will begin to degenerate into a mass of scar tissue the corpus albicans will then eventually disappears this will cause another ovarian cycle too occur dues too the reduction of oestrogen

Not that if fertilistion occurs the the corpus lutem we continue to develop and the ovarin cycle will cease

40
Q

Describe the processes which occur during the mensural cycle

A

While the ovarian cycle is occurring the vagina is also going through changes which are known as the menstral cycle the chages in the uterine lining endometrium are for the development of a foetus and embryo while the follicle is is maturing the high progesterone levels cause the endometrium lining off the uterus too become thicker and softer there is also an increse in the number of blood vessels and mucos secreting glads after ovulation the endometrium will continue to thicken and the glands will begin too secrete watery mucus rich in glycogen if the egg is not fertilised the coupus lutem will degenerate meaning that the amount of progesterone is decreased about 14 days after ovulation due too a decrese in progesterone the uterine lining will be shed and lost through the vagina

41
Q

What is the function of the placenta

A

The site were exchanges off nutrients and wastes occur

42
Q

What is the function of the amnioic fluid and sac

A

Fluid: It cusioms and suports the growing foetus
Sac: encloses foutus and produces amniotic fluid

43
Q

Explain the germ layers

A

Ectoderm the outermost germ layer this forms the outer layer off the body like the skin har and mammary glands as well as the nervous system

Mesoderm the middle germ layer this forms our muscles skeleton and connective tissue

Endoderm the inner most germ layer and it forms the lining of the digestive system lungs and thyroid

ATAR Human Biology yr 11 (22 decks)

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