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ENTO 330: Insect Biology > Reproductive strategies > Flashcards

Reproductive strategies Flashcards

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1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • Most common form.
  • Fertilization of eggs.
  • Direct or indirect sperm transfer.
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2
Q

Indirect sperm transfer

type of sexual reproduction

A

Male deposits spermatophore & female takes it into genital opening

Mostly in primitive wingless insects and other Hexapoda

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3
Q

Methods of indirect sperm transfer

A
  • Female may be directed to it by the male
  • Spermatophore produced when insects are found in aggregation
  • Spermatophore may be produced in large number
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4
Q

Direct sperm transfer

type of sexual reproduction

A

Aedeagus enters female & sperm is transferred directly
* Species-specific position
* Species-specific morphology

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Development from unfertilized eggs. Obligatory (no males) or facultative.

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6
Q

Haemocoelic insemination

Type of direct sperm transfer

A

Injection of sperm into body wall of female

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7
Q

Spermalege

A

Organ in bed bugs through which hemocoelic insemination occurs

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8
Q

Parthenogenesis

Type of asexual reproduction

A
  • Most common type of asexual reproduction
  • Only females are produced
  • Eggs develop without being fertilized
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9
Q

XO sex determination system

Sex determination

A
  • X = female
  • XO = male
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10
Q

Haplodiploidy

Sex determination

A

Sex determined by # of chz. an insect receives (Hymenoptera)
* Unfertilized egg: male (haploid)
* Fertilized egg: female (diploid)

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11
Q

Viviparity

Embryonic development

A
  • Give birth to live young
  • Embryonic development is completed within the body of the female.
  • Silverfish, some cockroaches, some flies, some beetles and in aphids
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12
Q

Oviparity

Embryonic development

A
  • Production of eggs that hatch outside the body (most insects)
  • Embryonic development starts outside the body
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13
Q

Swarming

Mate location and recognition

A
  • Multiple individuals of the same species aggregate together
  • The swarms usually consist of males, waiting for a female to pass by
  • Swarms are the result of a common response to a visual marker
  • Good when individuals are rare or dispersed
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14
Q

Flashing

A
  • Fireflies
  • Both sexes produce light.
  • Females often flightless: respond to the flashing of the male.
  • Duration and frequency of flash is species-specific
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15
Q

Singing

Mate location and recognition

A
  • Usually only male.
  • Stridulation: Rubbing together 2 body parts
  • Vibration of special membranes (tymbals)
  • Striking body part against substrate
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16
Q

Pheromones

Mate location and recognition

A
  • Often produced by female
  • Detected by male’s antennae
  • Can detect very low levels of pheromone
  • Great way of finding mate over a long distance
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17
Q

Courtship

A

Close-range attraction mechanism that induces sexual receptivity before mating

18
Q

Visual displays

Courtship

A
  • Usually performed by males
  • Movement of body parts, display of color patterns, elaborate dance
19
Q

Tactile stimulations

Courtship

A
  • Occurs immediately before and sometimes during copulation.
  • Involves rubbing of antennae, palps, legs, abdomen, etc.
  • Important for final species recognition
20
Q

Pheromones

Courtship

A

Used for close range recognition and sexual excitation
* Androconia: Scent scales on wings of male Lepidoptera
* Abdominal hairpencils: Found in male Lepidoptera and release pheromones
* In some species, males may clap their wings repeatedly catching the female’s antennae

21
Q

Singing

Courtship

A
  • Different sounds sometimes produced in close-range courtship
  • Most singing insects continue once they found each others.
  • Others sing only in close-up courtship
22
Q

Nuptial gifts

Courtship

A

Males provide females with food item to increase chance of mating

23
Q

Predatory insects

Nuptial gifts

A

Consist of a prey item

24
Q

Ultimate nuptial sacrifice

A

Cannibalism of the male by the female

25
Q

Non-predatory insects

Nuptial gifts

A

Consist of glandular product secreted by male

26
Q

Spermatophylax

A

Sperm-free portion of spermatophore which is eaten by female

27
Q

Copulation

A

Union of male and female genitalia, usually followed by insemination

28
Q

Sexually selected adaptations in males to increase certainty of paternity

Copulation

A
  • Male can displace sperm of other male
  • Male can reduce effectiveness or occurrence of subsequent inseminations
29
Q

Methods of displacing sperm

A
  • Pushing sperm of other males to the back of spermatheca
  • Direct scooping or indirectly by flushing out with sperm
30
Q

Methods of reducing effectiveness

A
  • Mating plugs
  • Prolonged copulation
  • Decreasing receptiveness of female to other males
  • Improved structures for gripping female during copulation
  • Guarding of females until oviposition
31
Q

Hormones

Hormones and pheromones

A

Chemicals released by endocrine system & transported to specific sites where they influence a variety of physiological processes.

32
Q

Ecdysone

Hormones

A
  • Initiates molting process.
  • Released by the prothoracic glands
33
Q

Juvenile hormone

Hormones

A
  • Inhibits metamorphosis.
  • Released by Corpora allata
34
Q

Pheromones

Hormones and pheromones

A

Chemicals released by exocrine glands to communicate with individuals of the same species.

35
Q

Sex pheromones

A
  • Long distance: Sex attractant. Produced by female to attract male
  • Short distance: Courtship chemical. Produced by male prior to mating
36
Q

Aggregation pheromones

A

Cause individuals of same species to aggregate

37
Q

Spacing pheromones

A

Cause individuals to keep their distance from each other

38
Q

Trail-marking pheromones

A

Communicate information on location of food source

39
Q

Alarm pheromones

A

Signal danger causing insects to disperse or attack enemies

40
Q

Social pheromones

A

Regulation of colony structure

ENTO 330: Insect Biology (19 decks)

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