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ENTO 330: Insect Biology > Neoptera > Flashcards

Neoptera Flashcards

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1
Q

Orthoptera: General traits

A
  • Grasshopper, crickets, katydids
  • Most have wings
  • Forewings = tegmina
  • Jumping hindlegs (saltatorial)
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Tympana present in many
  • Stridulate by rubbing 2 body parts together
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2
Q

Orthoptera: Suborders

A

Two suborders:
* Caelifera : Short-horned Orthoptera
* Ensifera: Long-horned Orthoptera

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3
Q

Caelifera: Traits

A
  • Antennae much shorter than body
  • Short and stout ovipositor
  • Egg pod laid directly into the soil
  • Tympana, if present, on first abdominal segment
  • Sing by rubbing tegmina against hind legs
  • Diurnal
  • Phytophagous
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4
Q

Caelifera: Examples

A

Acrididae
* Most common of caelifera
* Along roadsides and meadows
* Grasshoppers + locusts

Romaleidae:
* Lubber grasshoppers

Tetrigidae:
* Pygmy grasshoppers

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5
Q

Ensifera: Traits

A
  • Long antennae
  • Usually long ovipositor
  • Tympana, if present, on foretibiae
  • Sing by rubbing tegmina together
  • Often nocturnal and omnivorous
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6
Q

Ensifera: Examples

A

Gryllidae: Crickets
Tettigoniidae: Katydids

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7
Q

Phasmatodea: Traits

A
  • Walkingsticks and leaf insects
  • Herbivorous
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Wings often reduced or absent
  • Forewings = Tegmina.
  • Sexual dimorphism common
  • Many are parthenogenetic
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8
Q

Phasmatodea: Defense Mechanisms

A
  • Camouflage
  • Catalepsy
  • Autotomy: Ability to shed limbs to escape predators.
  • Chemical Defense: Some release noxious substances.
  • Spines and nocturnal habits also provide protection
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9
Q

Grylloblattodea (Ice crawlers)

A
  • Western North America and Asia
  • Optimum T between 1- 4°C
  • Prognathous head
  • Wingless
  • Long cerci and antennae
  • Projecting ovipositor
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10
Q

Mantophasmatodea: African Rock Crawlers

A
  • Most recently discovered order (2002)
  • Various localities in South Africa.
  • Wingless
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Nocturnal
  • Aggressive carnivores
  • Use both forelegs and midlegs to catch prey
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11
Q

Dictyoptera Superorder

A

Mantodea, Blattodea, Infraorder Isoptera

Closely related: Evidence
* Distinctive structures in male and female reproductive systems (ootheca)
* Proventriculus (grinding organ)
* DNA analysis

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12
Q

Mantodea: Morphology

A
  • Elongated prothorax
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Hypognathous head
  • Large lateral compound eyes
  • Raptorial forelegs
  • Forewings= tegmina
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13
Q

Mantodea: Behaviour

A
  • Predaceous
  • Chase during the day

Males:
* No sexual courtship.
* Aggressive pre-copulatory behavior

Female:
* Aggressive copulatory and/or postcopulatory behavior

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14
Q

Mantodea: Reproduction

A
  • Eggs enclosed in an ootheca
  • Ootheca overwintering on twigs and stems
  • Nymphs emerge in spring.
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15
Q

Mantodea: Distribution and species

A

2,000 species worldwide, most in tropical regions. Only 3 species occur in Canada:
* European mantis: Introduced, Eastern Canada, 5 cm long.
* Chinese mantis: Introduced, 7-10 cm long, Eastern U.S.& southern Ontario & Quebec.
* Ground mantis: Native, 3 cm body length

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16
Q

Blattodea: Morphology

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Head concealed by pronotum
  • Hypognathous head
  • Antennae long and filiform
  • Tegmina
  • Wings may be absent
  • Cursorial legs
  • Cerci present
17
Q

Blattodea: Behaviour

A
  • Nocturnal
  • Omnivorous
  • Resilient
18
Q

Blattodea: Reproduction

A

Eggs are enclosed within an ootheca

19
Q

Isoptera: Morphology

A
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Intestinal microorganisms that can digest the cellulose. Transfer via “proctodeal trophallaxis”
  • Different morphology based on caste (worder, soldier, reproductive)
20
Q

Isoptera: Behaviour

A

Eusocial behaviour
* Division of labour
* Overlapping generations
* Cooperative care of young

Most species feed on wood

21
Q

Workers

A
  • Sterile, wingless, and often blind
  • Most numerous, pale and weakly sclerotized.
  • Build and repair nest, gather food, feed soldiers and reproductives.
22
Q

Soldiers

A
  • Sterile, wingless, and often blind
  • Large sclerotized heads and large mandibles or other special head features
  • Defend colony
23
Q

Nasute termites

A

Soldiers with reduced mandibles but instead, a forward prolongation of the head that can eject a sticky poisonous substance

24
Q

Reproductives

A
  • Wings temporarily present
  • King fertilizes queen in nest & stays to fertilize her throughout his life
  • First born nymphs care for queen
  • Queen lays eggs & becomes cloistered in a royal chamber
25
Q

Isoptera: Distribution

A
  • 3000 species, mostly tropical.
  • Poorly represented in temperate climates.
  • A few Canadian species. Mostly western
26
Q

Isoptera: Nesting

A
  • Galleries excavated in dead wood
  • Arboreal “carton” nests
  • Large mounds
27
Q

Magnetic termites

A
  • Live in northern Australia
  • Nests = tall and thin mounds all facing in the same direction to protect colony from extreme temperature.

ENTO 330: Insect Biology (19 decks)

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