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Biology > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Male sex hormones

A

Androgens

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2
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac in which the testes are suspended

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3
Q

Accessory glands of male reproductive system

A

Prostate and cowper’s glands and seminal vesicles
They add secretions to sperm to form semen

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4
Q

Anatomy of testes

A

Covered by a serous membrane/ tunica vaginalis

Tunica albuginea divides them into lobules that contains many seminiferous tubes which unite in epididymis which links to vas deferens then to urinary tract

Their cells are spermatogenic, sertoli and leydig cells

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5
Q

Seminiferous tubes

A

Site of production of spermatozoa

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6
Q

Epididymis

A

Narrow tightly coiled tube attached to each of the testicles

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7
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nourish and protect developing sperm cells

Composed of a basal and lumenal component

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8
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Occurs between Sertoli cells

Spermatogonia mitosis to primary spermatocytes meiosis I to haploid secondary spermatocytes meiosis II to 4 spermatids which mature to spermatozoa

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9
Q

Maturation of spernatids

A

Occurs in epididymis
Flagellum and acrosome develop
Mitochondria multiply

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10
Q

Hormonal regulation of male reproductive system

A

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

LH stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

FSH bind to sertoli cells to stimulate spermatogenesis and to release inhibin and androgen-binding proteins

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11
Q

Testosterone

A

Cause target cell responses

Bind to androgen receptor

Stimulates secondary sex characteristics, growth hormone secretion and development of reproductive structures by the wolffian duct

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12
Q

Negative feedback of testosterone

A

Binds to receptors on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary which shuts off secretion of gnrh and LH

Inhibin also binds to anterior pituitary to shut off FSH

all this decreases testosterone

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13
Q

Female reproductive organs

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, vulva

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14
Q

Vagina

A

Muscular tube

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15
Q

Vulva

A

External organs

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16
Q

Ovaries

A

Produce gametes and hormones

Consist of germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, ovarian medulla, ovarian follicles, mature follicle, corpus luteum

17
Q

Germinal epithelium

A

Layer of simple epithelial cells that cover the ovaries and produce ovum

18
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Dense, connective tissue

19
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

Fluid-filled sacs where an immature egg grows

20
Q

Mature follicle

A

Ruptures to release the mature egg

21
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Temporary collection of cells that form on ovary every menstrual cycle

22
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular structure that is a passageway for sperm to deposit in vagina

Its the growth chamber for fetus and the source of menstrual fluid if fertilization doesn’t occur

23
Q

Anatomy of uterus

A

Made up of fundus (dome-shaped), body (uterine cavity), isthmus (small and constricted), cervix (narrow)

24
Q

Fallopian/ uterine tubes

A

Hollow, muscular tubes that transport oocytes from ovaries to uterus

25
Q

Uterine wall layers

A

Myometrium, endometrium, and perimetrium

26
Q

Rise of FSH

A

Triggers ovarian cycle

27
Q

ZP3

A

Sperm receptor which causes an acrosomal reaction

28
Q

Gnrh

A

Controls the ovarian and uterine cycles

Secreted by hypothalamus and stimulates release of FSH and LH by pituitary island

29
Q

FSH

A

Initiates follicular growth and helps egg to mature and prepare for release

30
Q

Follicle components

A

Consists of egg, estrogen-secreting cells and fluid

31
Q

LH

A

Stimulates further development of ovarian follicles leading to them maturing which causes a peak of GnRH and LH triggering ovulation

32
Q

Ovulation

A

Follicle rupturing to release egg and form corpus luteum

Egg travels through fallopian tube for 5-6 days to cavity of uterus

33
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Secretes estrogen, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin

These hormones lead to the development of female reproductive structures, secondary female characteristics

34
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Endometrium undergoing changes based on hormone levels

Consists of follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase

35
Q

Uterine cycle

A

1) menses, the degeneration of endometrium

2) proliferative phase, restoration of endometrium

3) secretary phase, endometrial glands enlarge and their secretion rates increase

Biology (15 decks)

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