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Pharmacology > Reproductive Pharmacology > Flashcards

Reproductive Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is/are the effect(s) of FSH in the female?

A
  1. Stimulates the development of follicles
  2. Increases estrogen production in granulosa cells
  3. Increases aromatase activity

(Estrogen increases FSH receptors in follicles –> increases follicular development)

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2
Q

What are the 2 effects of FSH in the male?

A
  1. Increase in diameter of seminiferous tubules

2. Increase in development of spermatozoa from spermatids

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3
Q

What effect does LH have on the female?

A
  1. Ovulation
  2. Luteinization
  3. Increased progesterone
  4. Increased estrogens
  5. Increased testosterone synthesis in theca cells
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4
Q

What effect does LH have on the male?

A

Increase in testosterone due to a proliferation of the leydig cells.

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5
Q

Concerning the MOA of FSH & LH, what system is activated?

A

Gs-adenylyl cyclase system

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6
Q

MOA of FSH & LH = Activate Gs-adenylyl cyclase system –> _____ –> _____ –> activation of enzymes in sex steroid synthesis (e.g. aromatase)

A

MOA of FSH & LH = Activate Gs-adenylyl cyclase system –> increase cAMP –> activation of protein kinase A (PKA) –> activation of enzymes involved in sex steroid synthesis (e.g. aromatase)

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7
Q

Protein kinase A (PKA) is involved in the activation of the CREB cycle. This cycle then causes what?

A

Increased mRNA for proteins for proliferation or enzymes for sex steroid synthesis.

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8
Q

What does HCG stand for?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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9
Q

Where is HCG synthesized?

A

In the placenta

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10
Q

When are HCG levels highest in the plasma?

A

First 2 months of pregnancy

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11
Q

HCG has activity mainly like which of the following: FSH or LH?

A

LH

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12
Q

What are the 4 clinical uses of LH & HCG?

A
  1. Ovulation control
  2. Treatment of follicular cysts
  3. Treatment of cryptorchidism
  4. Treatment of persistent infertility in the female
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13
Q

What are the 3 clinical uses of FSH & ECG?

A
  1. Breeding control
  2. Induction of superovulation
  3. Treatment of infertility in males (increase libido, increase sperm count)
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14
Q

What is the plasma T1/2 of hLH?

A

30 minutes

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15
Q

What is the plasma T1/2 of hFSH?

A

60 minutes

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16
Q

What is the plasma T1/2 of hCG?

A

8 hours

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17
Q

What is the plasma T1/2 of eCG?

A

24 hours

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18
Q

What are gonadotropins, making them resistant to breakdown?

A

Glycoproteins

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19
Q

Which of the following has the most carbohydrate content and what does this carbohydrate level effect: FSH, LH, TSH, hCG, eCG?

A

eCG - has the longest half life

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20
Q

True or false: removal of sialic acid from a glycoprotein greatly increases its T1/2.

A

FALSE - removal of sialic acid from a glycoprotein greatly decreases its T1/2.

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21
Q

What are the 4 natural sources of estrogen?

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Testes
  3. Adrenal gland
  4. Placenta
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22
Q

What percentage of circulating estrogen is bound by plasma proteins?

A

90%

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23
Q

Sex steroid binding globulin has (high or low) affinity and (high or low) capacity?

A

High affinity

Low capacity

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24
Q

Albumin has (high or low) affinity and (high or low) capacity?

A

Low affinity

High capacity

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25
Q

What is the T1/2 of estradiol in the plasma?

A

30 minutes

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26
Q

What is the strongest, most potent form of estrogen?

A

Estradiol

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27
Q

What are the 5 effects of estrogen on the reproductive tract?

A
  1. Increases growth of the repro tract (hyperemia, hypertrophy)
  2. Increases oxytocin receptor expression
  3. Dilates the cervix
  4. Increases sexual receptivity
  5. Increase mammary tissue growth
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28
Q

What is the overall effect of estrogens on the ruminant ovary?

A

Luteolysis

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29
Q

What is the overall effect of estrogens on the porcine ovary?

A

CL retention

30
Q

What is the effect of estrogen on the bone?

A

Decreased IL-6 and IL-11 –> decreased osteoclast vitality –> increased bone mass

31
Q

Synovex-C, -S, -H, and -Plus are estrogen preparations available as ear implants for their anabolic effects. What do -C, -S, and -H stand for?

A

C = calf

S = steer

H = heifer

32
Q

Synovex-H : estradiol benzoate 20 mg + _____?

A

Testosterone

33
Q

Synovex-S : estradiol benzoate 20 mg + _____?

A

Progesterone

34
Q

Synovex-C : estradiol benzoate 10 mg + _____?

A

Progesterone

35
Q

Synovex-Plus : estradiol benzoate 28 mg + _____?

A

Trenbolone acetate

36
Q

In which of the following would you use Synovex-Plus: calf, heifer, or steer?

A

Heifer and/or steer

37
Q

What is the only non-steroid estrogen available for ear implants in the U.S.?

A

Zeranol (Ralgro Implants)

38
Q

In which production animals is Zeranol used?

A
  1. Beef cattle

2. Sheep

39
Q

True or False: Estradiol preparations do not require pre-slaughter withdrawal.

A

TRUE

40
Q

True or False: Zeranol does not require pre-slaughter withdrawal.

A

FALSE - it depends on the species. Zeranol does NOT require pre-slaughter withdrawal in cattle but DOES require pre-slaughter withdrawal in sheep.

41
Q

Describe the 6 steps involved in the mechanism of estrogen-induced anabolism.

A
  1. Increased GH secretion
  2. Increased GH receptor expression
  3. Increased insulin-like growth factor secretion
  4. Increased IGF-1 receptor expression
  5. Increased IGF-1 binding proteins
  6. Increased mRNA for muscle protein
42
Q

Estrogens are more often used clinically in small animals. Which 2 forms of estrogen are used?

A
  1. Estradiol

2. DES - diethylstilbestrol

43
Q

What is the one (still recommended) clinical use for estrogen?

A

Treatment of problems associated with spaying: urinary incontinence, vaginitis, dermatitis

44
Q

What is the name of the drug used for the treatment of urinary incontinence in spayed dogs?

A

Estriol (Incurin)

45
Q

As treatment of prostatic hyperplasia with estrogen is no longer recommended, what are the 2 better options for treatment?

A
  1. Finasteride

2. Castration

46
Q

Finasteride is an inhibitor of _____, the enzyme used for dihydrotestosterone formation.

A

5 alpha reductase

47
Q

What are the 6 side effects of estrogens?

A
  1. Prolapsed vagina/rectum
  2. Aplastic anemia
  3. Follicular cysts
  4. Pyometritis
  5. Abortion
  6. Bone fracture
48
Q

Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is an estrogen receptor ____ ____.

A

Partial agonist

49
Q

For what is Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) controversially used?

A

Mammary gland tumors

50
Q

What is the better option than using Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)?

A

Ovariectomy

51
Q

What are the 3 natural sources of Progestins?

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Adrenal gland
  3. Placenta
52
Q

What are the 2 effects progestins have on the reproductive tract?

A
  1. Increase glandular growth

2. Desensitizes the myometrium to oxytocin

53
Q

What are the clinical uses of progestins?

A
  1. Synchronization of estrus
  2. Contraception in the bith
  3. Control of aggressiveness
  4. Control of inappropriate urination
54
Q

What is the name of the progestin used as a contraceptive in the bitch?

A

Megestrol acetate (Ovaban)

55
Q

What are the side effects associated with progestin use?

A
  1. Endometrial hyperplasia (due to increased glandular growth)
  2. Endometritis
  3. Diabetes (due to glucocorticoid activity)
  4. Decreased ACTH (due to glucocorticoid activity)
56
Q

What are the 2 uses of the progestin receptor antagonist?

A
  1. Abortion

2. Induction of parturition

57
Q

True or False: the progestin receptor antagonists have glucocorticoid activity.

A

FALSE - they have anti-glucocorticoid activity.

58
Q

What are the 3 natural sources of androgens?

A
  1. Testicles
  2. Adrenal gland
  3. Ovary
59
Q

What is the plasma T1/2 of testosterone?

A

20 minutes

60
Q

What are the effects of androgens? (4)

A
  1. Increase growth of accessory organs –> increases secondary sex characteristics
  2. Anabolic effect –> increases growth of bone, cartilage, and muscle
  3. Increases spermatogenesis
  4. Increases erythropoietin synthesis
61
Q

What are the clinical uses of androgens? (6)

A
  1. Treatment of cryptorchidism
  2. Treatment of infertility
  3. Treatment of mammary gland tumors
  4. Induction of teaser cows
  5. Treatment of anemia
  6. Growth promotion/reversal of tissue degradation
62
Q

DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) –> ______ –> Testosterone

A

DHEA –> Androstenedione –> Testosterone

63
Q

DHEA does NOT increase plasma ____ levels, but does increase ____ levels and decreases ____.

A

DHEA does NOT increase plasma TESTOSTERONE levels, but does increase ESTRADIOL levels and decreases HDL.

64
Q

What are the 4 adverse side effects of androgens?

A
  1. Infertility
  2. Masculinization of females
  3. Liver disorders
  4. Water retention (due to mineralocorticoid activity)
65
Q

List the 4 anti-androgens:

A
  1. Finasteride
  2. Ketoconazole
  3. Trilostane
  4. Cimetidine
66
Q

What are the 2 clinical uses for androgens?

A
  1. Treatment or prevention of prostatic hyperplasia

2. Balding in humans, female hirsutism, acne

67
Q

What are the 5 indications for uterine contractions?

A
  1. Induce labor
  2. Induce abortion
  3. To treat uterine inertia
  4. To control postpartum hemorrhage
  5. To expel uterine contents
68
Q

The contraction of which 3 things within the body is increased by vasopressin (ADH)?

A
  1. GIT
  2. Uterus
  3. Blood vessels
69
Q

Describe estrogen’s and progesterone’s effects on oxytocin:

A

Estrogen ENHANCES oxytocic effect

Progesterone REDUCES oxytocic effect

70
Q

What are the 4 clinical uses for oxytocin?

A
  1. Induce labor
  2. Induce milk letdown
  3. Tx of retained placenta
  4. Tx of dystocia
71
Q

What are the 2 main uses of ergot alkaloids?

A
  1. Uterine involution

2. Control of postpartum hemorrhage

72
Q

What are the 3 adverse side effects of Ergonovine (an ergot alkaloid)?

A
  1. Gangrene
  2. Vomiting
  3. Excitation

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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