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Pharmacology > Behavior Modifying Drugs > Flashcards

Behavior Modifying Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biogenic amine hypothesis theory?

A

A reduction in NE and 5-HT levels might be a causative factor in depression

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2
Q

Which 2 classes of drugs are examples of Anxiolytics?

A
  1. Benzodiazepines

2. Azapirones

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3
Q

What is the “goal” of benzodiazepines?

A

Decrease anxiety, as well as fear, aggression, and noise phobia

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4
Q

Which type of receptors do Benzodiazepines stimulate?

A

GABA-A receptors

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5
Q

Benzodiazepines work by enhancing GABAergic transmission via stimulation of GABA-A receptors, hence resulting in what?

A

Membrane hyperpolarization

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6
Q

What are Benzodiazepine sites of action?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Limbic system
  3. Thalamus
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7
Q

Are Benzodiazepines good for long term or short term use?

A

Short term

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8
Q

True or False: Benzodiazepines need to be given in combination with other psychotrpic drugs.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

With which types of psychotropic drugs might you combine Benzodiazepines?

A

TCAs or SSRIs

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10
Q

What are 2 of the adverse effects associated with Benzodiazepines? There are 4 total…

A
  1. Liver failure
  2. Ataxia
  3. Dependence
  4. Requires gradual weaning
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11
Q

In which patients would Benzodiazepine use be contraindicated?

A

Aggressive patients - as Benzodiazepines can lead to disinhibition and increase aggression

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12
Q

What is the best drug of choice for storm phobia and separation anxiety?

A

Alprazolam

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13
Q

What is the drug of choice for urine spraying behavior in cats?

A

Diazepam

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14
Q

What are the 2 adverse effects associated with Diazepam?

A
  1. Hepatic necrosis in cats

2. Can NOT be used concurrently with CYP-450 metabolizing drugs

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15
Q

Which 2 drugs should NOT be given concurrently with Alprazolam (or any Benzodiazepine)?

A
  1. Ketoconazole

2. Itraconazole

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16
Q

True or False: There is a risk of physical dependency with Alprazolam.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

What happens when there is increased Cl- conductance during GABA-A receptor activation?

A

Membrane becomes hyperpolarized and neuronal firing is greatly reduced

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18
Q

In which type of patients might you choose to use Oxazepram?

A
  1. Aged canine patients
  2. Patients with compromised liver function
  3. Cats - less likely to cause idiopathic hepatic necrosis
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19
Q

What would you use Lorazepam for?

A

To treat victims of inter-cat aggression

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20
Q

What was the first non-sedating anxiolytic drug to be developed and marketed?

A

Buspirones

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21
Q

What class of drugs are Buspirones?

A

Azapirones

22
Q

True or False: Buspirones are non-selective.

A

FALSE: Buspirones are selective anxiolytics.

23
Q

At which receptors do Buspirones act as partial agonists? Where are these receptors located?

A

5-HT 1A receptors located in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and at synaptic terminals

24
Q

In dogs, Buspirone and ___ combination therapy has been successfully used for the treatment of aggression and anxiety.

A

Fluoxetine

25
Q

Buspirones can be therapeutically used in the management of ___ ___ ___ illness.

A

Chronic long term

26
Q

What are the advantages to Buspirone? (4 total)

A
  1. Not associated with withdrawal effects
  2. Not associated with dependence problems
  3. Does not produce amnestic effects
  4. Low risk of side effects
27
Q

With which drugs would Buspirones be contraindicated?

A

MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

28
Q

Prolonged activation of ____ autoreceptors in the ____ leads to receptor desensitization results in increased ____ release in the limbic regions.

A

Prolonged activation of 5-HT 1A autoreceptors in the DRN leads to receptor desensitization results in increased 5-HT release in the limbic regions.

29
Q

Name the class of drug these are each under:

Amitriptyline, Selegiline, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Clomipramine

A

Amitriptyline = TCA

Selegiline = MAOI

Fluoxetine = SSRI

Paroxetine = SSRI

Clomipramine = TCA

30
Q

Tricylic antidepressants block the reuptake of ___ and ___.

A

NE and 5-HT (although to a lesser extent than NE)

31
Q

Tricylic antidepressants produce desensitization of ____ receptors and ____ autoreceptors.

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and 5-HT 1A autoreceptors

32
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants block muscarinic receptors, responsible for what type of effects?

A

Anti-cholinergic side effects

33
Q

What are TCAs main target?

A

NE (norepinephrine)

34
Q

What are the 3 therapeutic uses of TCAs?

A
  1. Anxiety treatment in dogs and cats
  2. Pruritic conditions
  3. Compulsive disorders
35
Q

TCAs: because of their structural similarity to Phenothiazines, there is increased risk of what?

A

Seizures

36
Q

What drug can be used in the treatment of severe recurring idiopathic interstitial cystitis in cats (FIC)?

A

Amitriptyline (TCA)

37
Q

What are the 3 adverse effects associated with Amitriptyline?

A
  1. Urinary retention
  2. Dry eye
  3. Sedation
38
Q

What is one contraindication associated with Amitriptyline use?

A

Not to be used with CYP-450 inhibitors (ketoconazole, chloramphenicol, or cimetidine) which may inhibit metabolism of TCA drugs.

39
Q

What drug is FDA approved for the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs?

A

Clomipramine (TCA)

40
Q

What other disorder can Clomipramine be used to treat?

A

Compulsive disorders (acral lick dermatitis & tail chasing disorders)

41
Q

SSRIs block presynaptic ____ transporters.

A

Serotonin

42
Q

True or false: SSRIs block presynaptic serotonin transporters selectively.

A

TRUE

43
Q

By blocking presynaptic serotonin receptors, SSRIs inhibit reuptake of what?

A

5-HT

44
Q

What is the result of SSRIs blocking presynaptic serotonin receptors and inhibiting the reuptake of 5-HT?

A

Elevation of 5-HT in the synapse and desensitization of the 5-HT 1A autoreceptors

45
Q

There are 4 therapeutic uses for SSRIs listed. What are 3 of those?

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Depression
  3. Compulsive disorders
  4. Aggression
46
Q

What are the adverse effects associated with SSRIs?

A
  1. Withdrawal effects (tremors, anxiety, dizziness, nausea)
  2. GI disturbance
  3. Serotonin syndrome when administered concurrently with MAOIs
47
Q

What are the characteristics of serotonin syndrome?

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Agitation
  3. Hypertensino
  4. Tachycardia
  5. Excessive salivation
  6. Hyperpyrexia (fever)
48
Q

Monoamine oxidases catalyse the breakdown of which monoamines?

A

NE, DA, and 5-HT

49
Q

Which of these drugs is the most specific: MAOIs, TCAs, or SSRIs?

A

SSRIs

50
Q

What class of drug is Selegiline?

A

MAOI

51
Q

What does Selegiline selectively inhibit?

A

MAO-B

52
Q

What is Selegiline FDA approved for the treatment of?

A

Canine cognitive dysfunction

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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