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Pharmacology > Pharmacogenomics > Flashcards

Pharmacogenomics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 synonyms of pharmacogenomics?

A

Pharmacogenetics

Pharmacoproteomics

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2
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of pharmacogenomic differences?

A
  1. Alterations in drug metabolism
  2. Alterations in drug target
  3. Alteration in drug transport issues
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3
Q
  1. Which of the following is pharmacokinetics?
  2. Which of the following is pharmacodynamics?

Alteration in drug metabolism

Alteration in drug target

Alteration in drug transport

A
  1. Alteration in drug metabolism & alteration in drug transport
  2. Alteration in drug target
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4
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of altered drug metabolism?

A
  1. Undesirable effects
  2. Drug inactivity
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5
Q

What are the 5 overall outcomes of pharmacogenomic differences?

A
  1. Toxicity
  2. Unwanted side effects
  3. Prolonged effects
  4. Drug failure
  5. Exploitable
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6
Q

What is isoniazid cleaved into that makes it toxic?

A

Inactive metabolite + acetylhydrazine

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7
Q

Acetylhydrazine is a strong _____.

A

Electrophile

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8
Q

How does a strong electrophile cause hepatocellular death?

A

Strong electrophiles (acetylhydrazine) will bind to any charged molecule, especially intracellular proteins. Within hepatocytes, the electrophile will bind to proteins, cause swelling, and hence, hepatocellular death.

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9
Q

What does the acetaminophen undergo in a cat that causes hepatocellular injury?

A

Sulfonation

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10
Q

What is the treatment for acetaminophen in a cat?

A

Acetylcysteine

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11
Q

How does acetylcysteine treat acetaminophen toxicity in a cat?

A

Acetylcysteine - acetaminophen - SO4 is excreted as a polar, non-toxic entity into the urine

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12
Q

Opioid metabolites inhibit the removal of ___ from the ___ in ___ and ___.

A

Opioid metabolites inhibit the removal of dopamine from the synapses in horses and cats.

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13
Q

Opioid metabolites act as CNS ____.

A

Opioid metabolites act as CNS stimulants.

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14
Q

Opioid analgesic reactions in horses and cats is an example of which of the following?

Intraspecies difference

Interspecies difference

Individual difference

A

Interspecies difference

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15
Q

Atropine in a bovine is an example of which pharmacogenomic difference?

A

Drug inactivity

The extrahepatic enzyme plasma esterase + hepatic metabolism rapidly inactivate the drug.

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16
Q

Primidone in cats is an example of which pharmacogenomic difference?

A

Drug inactivity: Lack of an enzyme for activation of a prodrug

Cats are unable to convert primidone to phenobarbital

17
Q

What are the 3 examples of the following?

Altered target of a drug: No activity of the drug

A
  1. Fluroquinolone antibiotics
  2. Genetic mutations
  3. Receptor mutations
18
Q
  1. Genetic mutations that yield inactive receptors cause receptors to be insensitive to ____.
  2. Receptor mutations that cause an auto-active R cause receptors to be insensitive to ____.
A
  1. Agonist
  2. Antagonist
19
Q

Which of the following changes causes receptors to be hyperactive?

Genetic mutations OR receptor mutations

A

Receptor mutations

20
Q

Give an example of an altered taget of a drug causing an undesirable side effect:

A

Erythromycin

Causes gastrointestinal distress

21
Q
  1. Erythromycin is a motilinR ____ for motilinR subtypeA.
  2. Becuase of this, patients with ____ will develop the gastrointestinal distress associated with this drug.
A
  1. Erythromycin is a motilinR agonist for motilinR subtypeA.
  2. Becuase of this, patients with subtypeA will develop the gastrointestinal distress associated with this drug.
22
Q

What is the alternative drug to ivermectin in collies?

A

Selamectin

23
Q

Ivermectin sensitivity in collies is associated with a deletion mutation of the ____ gene.

A

MDR-1

24
Q

Ivermectin : collies

Is this an interspecies, intraspecies, or individual difference?

A

Intraspecies

25
Q

The multi-drug-resistance gene (MDR-1) in collies encodes for what large transmembrane protein?

A

P-glycoprotein

26
Q

Where is the p-glycoprotein for which mdr-1 encodes located with the collie’s body?

A

Blood-brain-barrier

27
Q

Ivermectin : collies

This is an example of which of the 3 mechanisms of pharmacogenomic differences?

A

Altered drug transport issues

28
Q

What are the 2 forms of altered drug transport issues?

A
  1. Toxic accumulation of a drug
  2. Selective tissue distribution of a drug
29
Q

You have a patient with a porto-systemic shunt that causes prolonged drug effects in that patient. Is this an example of intraspecies, interspecies, or individual pharmacogenomic differences?

A

Individual

30
Q

Sulfonamides produce a rare metabolite that can cause photosensitivity. What type of undesirable effect would this be an example of?

A

Toxic effect

31
Q
  1. Auto-active TSH-R will cause what condition in your patients?
  2. Can you give these patients drugs?
A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. No, their receptors (auto-activeR) are insensitive to any antagonistic stimulus
32
Q

What is the enzyme of gene in greyhound’s linked to propofol hydroxylation?

A

CYP2B11

33
Q

What is the enzyme or gene in Beagle’s linked to celecoxib metabolism?

A

CYP2D15

34
Q

What is the enzyme or gene in all dog breeds linked to sulfonamid hypersensitivity?

A

N-acetyltransferase

35
Q

What is the enzyme or gene in labrador retriever’s that puts them at risk for toxicity when using thiopurines?

A

TPMT

36
Q

What is the enzyme or gene in Bedlington Terrier’s that is associated with copper storage hepatopahty?

A

Murr-1

37
Q

What are Boxer’s sensitive to?

A

Acepromazine

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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