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Pharmacology > Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agents > Flashcards

Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the effect of alpha 2 on pancreatic beta cells?

A

Inhibition of insulin secretion

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2
Q

What is the effect of alpha 2 on platelets?

A

Aggregation

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3
Q

What is the effect of alpha 2 on nerve endings?

A

Inhibition of NE synthesis

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4
Q

What is the effect of alpha 2 on fat cells?

A

Inhibition of lipolysis

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5
Q

What is the effect of alpha 2 on signaling intermediates and effectors?

A

Decreased cAMP

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6
Q

Which drugs are alpha 2 agonists?

A

Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine, romifidine

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7
Q

Which drugs are alpha 2 antagonists?

A

Yohimbine, atipamezole, tolazoline

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8
Q

Which is the most selective: Xylazine or Medetomidine?

A

Medetomidine

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9
Q

In which ways can the alpha-2 agonists be administered?

A

IM & IV

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10
Q

For which species is Xylazine licensed?

A

Dogs, cats, & horses

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11
Q

True or False: Xylazine is a controlled substance.

A

FALSE: Xylazine is NOT a controlled substance.

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12
Q

What was the first alpha-2 adrenergic agonist approved for use in veterinary medicine?

A

Xylazine

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13
Q

What are the 3 therapeutic uses of alpha-2 agonists?

A
  1. Sedation
  2. Muscle relaxant
  3. Analgesia
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14
Q

What are the 3 therapeutic uses of Xylazine?

A
  1. Sedation and restraint: for radiographs, bandage changes, minor laceration repairs, wound care
  2. Visceral analgesia in horses
  3. Pre-anesthetic: in combination with an opioid
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15
Q

What 2 types of animals should NOT be given Xylazine?

A
  1. Older animals

2. Patients with cardiac conditions

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16
Q

For which patients should Xyaline be reserved?

A

Healthy patients

17
Q

What are the GI effects associated with Xyalzine?

A
  1. Decreased GI motility

2. Emesis if not with held from food (90% of cats/10% of dogs)

18
Q

What are the renal effects associated with Xylazine?

A

Increased urine output

19
Q

How does Xylazine cause an increase in urine output?

A

Via suppression of anti-diuretic hormone release centrally

20
Q

What are the uterine effects associated with Xylazine?

A

Increased contraction, leading to premature delivery in pregnant animals (oxytocin-like)

21
Q

What are the respiratory effects associated with Xylazine?

A
  1. Minor hypoxemia in cattle and sheep
  2. Bronchoconstriction
  3. Pulmonary edema
  4. Increased airway resistance
22
Q

True or False: Xylazine causes an increase in insulin release from the pancreas.

A

FALSE: Xylazine decreases plasma insulin levels

23
Q

What are 2 sequelae to the decreased plasma insulin levels?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia

2. Glycosuria

24
Q

Xylazine has synergistic actions with what other class of drugs?

A

Phenothiazines

25
Q

What are 3 precautions to consider when using Xylazine?

A
  1. Not recommended for use in pregnant animals
  2. Monitor cardiopulmonary depression
  3. Must be avoided with cardiovascular, liver, and kidney diseases
26
Q

Which of the following is most susceptible to Xylazine toxicity: horse, ruminant, cat, or dog?

A

Ruminant

27
Q

What is the most potent alpha-2 agonist?

A

Medetomidine

28
Q

Medetomidine is ____ times more selective than Xylazine.

A

10X

29
Q

Which of the following can cause profound ataxia in horses at high doses: Xylazine or Medetomidine?

A

Medetomidine

30
Q

What are the 3 alpha-2 antagonist?

A
  1. Yohimbine
  2. Atipamexole
  3. Tolazoline
31
Q

What is the primary use for Yohimbine?

A

Reverse the sedative effects of Xylazine following short surgical procedures.

32
Q

There are 6 adverse effects associated with the use of Yohimbine. Name 4.

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Salivation
  3. Muscle tremors
  4. CNS excitement
  5. Increased respiratory rate (dogs & cats)
  6. Removal of alpha-2 agonist analgesia

Pharmacology (21 decks)

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