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Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive & Digestive System > Flashcards

Reproductive & Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

The boney cavity which forms a protective basin for the reproductive organs, bladder and rectum.

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2
Q

What is the structure and function of the prostate gland?

A

Structure: small gland situated between bladder and rectum. It surrounds the beginning of the urethra.

Functions: produces two secretions.
1- keeps urethra most
2- part of seminal fluids to help semen travel along urethra.

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3
Q

What is the structure and function of the testes?

A

Structure: two glands contained within the scrotum. Develop in abdomen and descend into scrotum before brith.

Function: produce spermatozoa and testosterone. Spermatozoa is stored here also to keep at lower temp than body temp (35degrees)

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4
Q

What two parts form the passageway from the testes to the urethra and what is their fucntion?

A

Epididymis - store and transport sperm. also a site where immature sperm can develop.

Vas Deferens - duct with muscular walls. leads from epididymis to urethra. by contracting it’s muscles the Vas Deferens pushes the sperm forward.

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the scrotum?

A

Structure: a sac made of outer later of skin and inner layer of muscle.

Function: support and protect the testes and maintain correct temperature for them (35 degrees)

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6
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A

1- erectile tissue
2- foreskin
3- urethra

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7
Q

What is the structure and function (2) of the penis?

A

Structure: 3 bodies of erectile tissue. 2 either side of the urethra and one tube containing the urethra which becomes the head, aka glans.

Function:
1- excretion. carries urine from the bladder
2- reproduction.

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8
Q

What is the structure (3) and function of the sperm?

A

Structure:
Head - (nucleus containing 23 chromosomes)
Middle section
Tail - flagellum allows sperm to move to its destination

Function: to fertilise the egg. Inserts itself into the ovum. Only one is needed to fertilise an ovum.

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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the uterus?

A

Structure: Muscular hollow organ. Connects vagina to the fallopian tubes.

Function: The place where foetus grows and develops.

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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the cervix?

A

Structure: narrow neck of the uterus which opens into the vagina. width of pencil normally.

Function: First part of birth canal. Cervix dilation is measurement for how soon child birth will begin.

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the ovaries?

A

Structure: they are glands. positioned either side of the uterus.

Function: secrete hormones (progesterone & oestrogen). store female sex cells (ova).

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12
Q

What is a follicle (in female reproductive system)?

A

small structure on the ovary. Contain an ovum. Once ovum is matured, the follicle splits and release the ovum to travel along the fallopian tube.

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of the fallopian tubes?

A

Structure: funnel shaped tubes. between uterus and ovaries.

Function: transport eggs into the uterus. the site of fertilisation.

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14
Q

What is the structure and function of the vagina?

A

Structure: muscular passageway from cervix to the vulva.

Function: connects interior and exterior sex organs. passageway for menstrual blood.

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15
Q

Name the 4 parts of the vulva and their functions:

A

1- Mons pubis: protective pad of fat top of vulva

2- Clitoris: small sensitive organ, contains erectile tissue. just below mons pubis.

3- Labia majora: large fold of tissue that run either side of the vulva

4- Labia minora: smaller fold of skin which surround the clitoris (forms a hood)

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16
Q

What is the structure and function of the breasts?

A

Structure: Accessory organ to the reproductive system. consist of areolar and adipose tissue.

Function: Secrete milk post pregnancy

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17
Q

What are the 6 stages of pregnancy?

A

1- Fertilisation
2- Post Fertilisation
3- Cell Division
4- Formation of embryo
5- Development of foetus
6- Birth (partrition)

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18
Q

Describe what happens during FERTILISATION:

A
  • ovum enters fallopian tube
  • if sperm has been deposited in the vagina with 24 hours of ovulation, there is a 3 day window in which fertilisation can take place.
  • sperm penetrates the ovum’s membrane and enters the ovum.
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19
Q

Describe what happens during POST FERTILISATION:

A
  • tail of sperm breaks off
  • nucleus of the sperm and nucleus of the ovum fuse to make a single nucleus
  • male and female chromosomes join up to form a zygote.
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20
Q

Describe what happens during CELL DIVISION:

A
  • after zygote is formed is undergoes mitotic cell division. dividing into 2, then 4, then 8 etc.
  • a ball of cells if formed called morula.
  • after 5 days this forms a blastocyte (multi celled structure)
  • enters the uterus and implants in the endometrium on 7th seventh day.
21
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

pregnancy which occurs outside the uterus.

22
Q

What is chamydia?

A

STI casued by bacteria of the genus chalmydia. genital inflammation, discharge, pelvic pain.

23
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

presence of endometrium elsewhere than the lining of the uterus.

24
Q

What is hysterectomy?

A

operation where the uterus is removed.

25
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

venereal disease caused by bacteria. painful urination and pain around the urethra.

26
Q

What is vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush)?

A

Yeast infection of the vagina.

27
Q

What is syphillis?

A

STI caused by bacteria.

28
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome?

A

fatal illness caused by bacterial toxin.

29
Q

What are the 4 stages/areas of digestion?

A

1- mouth
2- stomach
3- small intestine
4- large intestine

30
Q

What are the 3 functions of saliva?

A

1- lubricate the food with mucus to make it easy to swallow
2- start digestion. it contains salivary amylase
3- keeps mouth and teeth clean

31
Q

What is the name of the tiny projections that cover the top of the tongue to increase it’s surface area?

A

papillae

32
Q

What are taste buds?

A

sensory nerve endings in the papillae

33
Q

What are the 3 digestive functions of tongue?

A

1- taste

2- chewing

3- swallowing

34
Q

List the parts of the stomach from entry to exit:

A

1- Oesophagus
2- cardiac sphincter
3- body of stomach
4- pyloric sphincter
5- duodenum

35
Q

What are the 6 functions of the stomach:

A
  • digest proteins
  • churns food with gastric juices
  • produces mucus to lubricate food
  • absorbs alcohol
  • kills bacteria by producing hydrochlorich acid
  • storage of food before it’s passed into the small intestine
36
Q

What 3 things to gastric juices contain (and their functions)?

A

1- hydrochloric acid (neutralises bacteria and activates pepsin)
2- rennin (enzyme that curdles milk protein)
3- pepsin (enzyme that acts on proteins turning them into polypeptides)

37
Q

Describe the 3 processes of protein breakdown and where they happen:

A

1- pepsin breaks them down into large polypeptides in the stomach
2- trypsin and chymotrypsin break down the polypeptides into smaller chains in the small intestine
3- aminopeptidase break up the small chains into amino acids ready for absorption

38
Q

Describe the 2 processes of fat breakdown and where they happen:

A

1- bile emulsifies the fat in the small intestine
2- lipase from the pancreas breaks them down into fatty acids and glycerol ready for absorption

39
Q

Describe the 3 processes of carbohydrate breakdown and where they happen:

A

1- salivary amylase begins the breakdown of polysaccharides in the mouth

2- intestinal amylase breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides int he small intestine

3- maltase, lactase and sucrase convert disaccharides into monosaccharides in the small intestine ready for absorption.

40
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine in order of entry to exit?

A

1- duodenum
2- jejunum
3- ileum

41
Q

How are nutrients absorbed?

A

Through the villi (tiny projections lining the small intestine wall) into the blood and lymph vessels.

42
Q

What are the 3 pancreatic juices and their functions:

A

1- Trypsin (breaks down proteins)
2- Lipase (converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol)
3- Amylase (converts polysaccharides into disaccharides)

43
Q

What does the liver remove (2)?

A

1- toxins from drugs, alcohol and harmful substances

2- nitrogen from amino acids

44
Q

What does the liver store (4)?

A

1- vitamins A, B12, D, E, K

2- glycogen

3- iron

4- fats

45
Q

What does the liver produce (7)?

A

1- heat
2- vitamin A
3- vitamin D
4- heparin
5- plasma proteins
6- bile
7- uric acid and urea

46
Q

What does the liver convert (4)?

A

1- stored fat into other fat products
2- glycogen to glucose
3- glucose back to glycogen
4- metabolises protein

47
Q

What are the functions of the gall bladder (4)?

A

1- stores biles
2- secretes mucus to add to bile
3- absorbs water from bile
4- contracts in order to empty bile into the duodenum

48
Q

What is the structure and function of the pancreas?

A

Structure: gland situated behind the stomach.

Function: delivers pancreatic juices to the duodenum.
1- lipase (for fats)
2- amylase (for carbs)
3- trypsin (for protein)

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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