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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

On average, how many litres of blood does an adult body contain?

A

4-5 litres

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2
Q

What pH level is blood?

A

pH7.4

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3
Q

Name 5 things that blood does:

A

1- Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes around the body
2- Transport CO2 and waste materials from the body to the organs of excretion
3- helps to fight infections
4- clots to prevent loss of body fluids
5- regulates body temperature

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4
Q

What is the structure of blood (as %)

A

55% plasma
45% blood cells

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5
Q

What is found in the plasma that makes up blood?

A

90-92% Water
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrinogen
Prothombin

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6
Q

What does plasma help to transport around the body? (7 things)

A
  • mineral salts
  • nutrients
  • waste
  • hormones
  • enzymes
  • gases
  • antibodies
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7
Q

Name the three types of blood cells and their function

A

1- Erythrocytes - RED BLOOD CELLS
(transport oxygen around body)

2- Leucocytes - WHITE BLOOD CELLS
(protect body from infection)

3- Thrombocytes - PLATELETS
(responsible for blood clotting)

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8
Q

What is the name of the system that transports blood between the heart and the lungs?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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9
Q

What is the name of the system that transports blood from heart to the rest of the body?

A

Systemic circulation

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10
Q

Name the four chambers of the heart and their position and the valves between them as if pointing it on a diagram:

A

TOP LEFT: Right atrium
LEFT VALVE: Tricuspid valve
BOTTOM LEFT: Right ventricle

TOP RIGHT: Left atrium
RIGHT VALVE: Mitral (bicuspid valve)
BOTTOM RIGHT: Left ventricle

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11
Q

Name the 3 layers of the membrane that covers the heart, their position and their structure:

A

INNER LAYER - endocardium
(thin serous membrane of endothileal tissue)

MIDDLE LAYER - myocardium
(thickest layer, made of cardiac muscle)

OUTER LAYER - pericardium
(double walled sac. inner is serous pericardium, outer layer is fibrous pericardium)

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12
Q

What controls the heart’s action?

A

The autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

Describe what happens during a heart beat:

A

1-Both the atria contract, forcing their contents into the ventricles.
2-The atria relax and the ventricles contract, empyting their contents into the arteries.
3-the ventricles relax and the hear rests, dialates and fills with blood.

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14
Q

What is the name of the point in where the heart beat starts and where is it found?

A

Pacemaker (sino-atrial node). Found in the right atrium

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15
Q

Name 6 things that can affect heart rate:

A
  • exercise
  • age
  • size of heart
  • emotions and excitement
  • temperament
  • disease
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16
Q

Describe what happens during pulmonary circualtion:

A

1- deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cavas.
2- this flows into the right ventricle and then pumps into the left and right pulmonary arteries (and goes to right and left lungs).
3- blood enters into tiny capillaries and the lungs remove the carbon dioxide from the blood and replace it with oxygen.
4- blood flows back into the left atrium through the 4 pulmonary veins.
5- blood is pumped through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
6- left ventricle contracts and pumps blood through the aorta which branches into ascending and descending aorta ready for distribution around the body.

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17
Q

What ensures there is no back flow from the aorta to the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle?

A

semi - lunar valves

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18
Q

What is the name of the heart’s own circulatory system?

A

coronary circulatory system

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19
Q

What is the circulation between the stomach and the heart?

A

Portal circulatory system

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20
Q

What is the name of the vein that is formed by the veins from the stomach, spleen, pancreas and intestines?

A

hepatic-portal vein

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21
Q

What is the structure and function of arteries?

A

Structure: thick walled, hollow tubes with:
- fibrous outer covering
- middle layer of muscle and elastic tissue
- endothelial layer made of squamous epithelial tissue

Smaller arteries further away from the heat have more muscle in the middle layer because they need to keep the blood moving.

Function:
1- systemic to carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
2- pulmonary to carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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22
Q

What is the structure and function of arterioles?

A

Structure: smaller version of arteries. middle layer is mainly muscle tissue. generally slightly contracted to maintain blood pressure.

Function: when more oxygen and nutrients are required by an organ, the arterioles relax and dilate to increase blood supply to it (eg during exercise, the stomach after eating, skin when body temp rises)

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23
Q

What is the structure and function of capillaries?

A

Structure: smallest blood vessels. wall are one cell thick and porous allowing the passage of gasses and nutrients.

Function: distribute essential oxygen and nutrients to most parts of the body.

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24
Q

What is the structure and function of venules?

A

Structure: small veins. thin wall with a large lumen. easily collapsible under pressure.

Function: to carry deoxygenated blood from the capillaries to the larger veins.

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25
Q

What is the structure and function of veins?

A

Structure: three layered walls. thin walls and large lumen. Contains valves in the endothelial layer which prevent back flow of blood.

Function: systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood from body to heart. pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

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26
Q

What is the largest vein in the body?

A

Vena cava (from body into heart)

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27
Q

List the 7 main ARTERIES of the head and neck:

A

1- innominate artery
2- common carotid artery
3- internal carotid
4- external carotid
5- facial
6- occipital
7- superficial temporal

28
Q

List the 8 main VEINS of the head and neck:

A

1- external jugular
2- internal jugular
3- common facial
4- anterior facial
5- maxillary
6- superficial temporal
7- occipital
8- posterior external jugular

29
Q

Name the 21 main ARTERIES and VEINS of the trunk from top to bottom:

A

1- left common carotid artery (neck)
2- right common carotid artery (neck)
3- left subclavian artery (chest)
4- right subclavian artery (chest)
5- 2 pulmonary arteries (heart - lungs)
6- 2 pulmonary veins (heart - lungs)
7- the heart
8- descending aorta (heart)
9- inferior vena cava (heart)
10- right hepatic vein (stomach, liver, spleen)
11- right hepatic artery (stomach, liver, spleen)
12- splenic artery (spleen)
13- splenic vein (spleen)
14- right renal artery (kidney)
15- right renal vein (kidney)
16- superior mesenteric artery (abdomen)
17- inferior mesenteric artery (abdomen)
18- right iliac artery (pelvis)
19- right iliac vein (pelvis)
20- left iliac artery (pelvis)
21- left iliac vein (pelvis)

30
Q

Name the main 9 ARTERIES of the arm from top to bottom:

A

1- vertebral (neck)
2- right / left common carotid (neck)
3- right / left subclavian (chest)
4- axillary (armpit)
5- brachial (upper arm)
6- ulnar (medial arm)
7- radial (lateral arm)
8- deep palmer arch (hand)
9- superficial palmer arch (hand)

31
Q

Name the main 5 VEINS of the arm from top to bottom:

A

1- subclavian (chest)
2- axillary (armpit)
3- cephalic (lateral - run from top to bottom of arm)
4- brachial (upper arm)
5- basilic (medial - from top to bottom of arm)

32
Q

Name the main 6 ARTERIES of the leg:

A

1- external iliac (pelvis)
2- femoral (thigh)
3- popliteal (knee)
4- anterior tibial (front of lower leg)
5- posterior tibial (back of lower leg)
6- plantar arch (foot)

33
Q

Name the main 7 VEINS of the leg:

A

1- long saphenous (medial - from top to bottom of leg)
2- femoral (thigh)
3- popliteal (knee)
4- short saphenous (lateral - lower leg)
5- anterior tibial (front of lower leg)
6- posterior tibial (back of lower leg)
7- dorsal venal arch (foot)

34
Q

What are the 5 factors that produce and maintain blood pressure?

A

1- cardiac output (volume of blood pumped out of the heart and the heart rate)

2- resistance offered by the arterioles (the great the VASOCONSTRICTION, the higher the BP)

3- total blood volume (if too little blood circulating, BP is lowered. If too high - ODEMA - BP is raised)

4- viscosity of blood (the lower the viscosity, the lower the BP)

5- elasticity of artery walls (hardened arteries cause loss of elasticity and BP is raised. If softened, the BP lowers)

35
Q

What are the two readings in a blood pressure test?

A

Systolic - peak level of hearts contraction

Diastolic - when heart of relaxing at lowest level

36
Q

What are the 4 stages of blood clotting?

A

1- When a blood vessel wall is broken, thrombocytes disintegrate and release an enzyme called thromboplastin.

2- Thromboplastin converts a protein called prothrombin into an enzyme called thrombin. Calcium is needed for this to work. (Thromboplastin + prothrombin + calcium = thrombin).

3- Thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin. This is insoluble and forms a net like covering across the damage. (Thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin)

4- Blood tries to flow through the net. Red and white cells and platelets are tapped and form a clot. Additional fluid that remains is called serum.

37
Q

List the 5 things that are necessary for a clot to form:

A

1- prothrombin
2- calcium
3- thromboplastin
4- fibrin
5- vitamin K (needed for formation of prothrombin)

38
Q

List the 4 blood types and what they can give to / receive from:

A

Type O. Gives to any blood. Receive from Type O.

Type AB. Gives to AB blood. Receives from any blood.

Type A. Gives to A and AB. Receives from A and O.

Type B. Gives to B and AB. Receives from B and O.

39
Q

What is the Rhesus factor?

A

Rh is an antigen found in red blood cells of most people and animals.

40
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

When the valves in veins stop working and blood collects in the veins instead of returning to the heart.

41
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Reduction of blood’s ability to carry oxygen.
Casued by extensive loss of blood, lack of iron, failure of bone marrow to produce normal level of cells or may be inherited.

42
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Cancer of the blood. Caused by over production of white blood cells.

43
Q

What is septicaemia?

A

AKA blood poisoning. Generalised disease associated with the circulation and multiplication of toxic bateria in the blood.

44
Q

What is Haemophilia?

A

Bloods inability to clot

45
Q

What is Arteriosclerosis?

A

degenerative disease of the arteries. loss of elasticity in artery walls causes increase in blood pressure.

46
Q

What are Haemorrhoids?

A

Enlarged veins in the rectum

47
Q

What is phlebitis?

A

inflammation of a vein

48
Q

What is thrombus?

A

blood clot in the heart of blood vessels

49
Q

What is HIV / AIDS?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Follows from the infection of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV).

The virus attacks T-lymphocytes, which makes immune system incapable of fighting disease.

50
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure.

51
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure.

52
Q

What is hepatitis A, B and C?

A

Inflammation of the liver caused by viruses.
A - through fecally contaminated food.
B and C - through body fluids including blood.

53
Q

What is coronary thrombosis?

A

Blood clot in coronary artery.

54
Q

What is angina?

A

chest pain due to lack of oxygen to the heart.

55
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Sac like widening of an artery. results in weakening of the artery wall.

56
Q

What is haematoma?

A

localised swelling filled with blood.

57
Q

What is DVT (deep vein thrombosis)?

A

formation of a blood clot in a deep vein

58
Q

What is cardiac arrhythmia?

A

abnormal electrical activity in the heart

59
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 bpm)

60
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Abnormally low heartbeart

61
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

nose bleeds.

62
Q

What is gangrene?

A

cell death characterised by decay of body tissue, which becomes black and malodorous.

63
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

Destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle.

64
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

Blockage of pulmonary artery by a clot or foreign matter

65
Q

What is Raynaud’s syndrome?

A

Vascular disorder that affects blood flow to extremities.

66
Q

What are varicose ulcers?

A

Chronic ulceration above the ankles due to varicose veins which interfere with the normal blood circulation in the affected areas

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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