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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

The muscles which we consciously control

A

Skeletal Muscle
(Striated and voluntary)

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2
Q

The muscles which we don’t control. Found in walls of blood and lymphatic vessels, respiratory and digestive systems.

A

Smooth muscle
(Non striated and involuntary)

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3
Q

The muscles that power and pump the heart

A

Cardiac Muscles

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4
Q

What are the stripes in skeletal muscles formed by?

A

Actin and Myosin

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5
Q

What happens to filaments in skeletal muscles when they contract?

A

Actin filaments slide between them myosin filaments which causes shortening and thickening of the fibres.

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6
Q

What do smooth muscles look like?

A

Spindle shaped cells and no distinct membrane.

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7
Q

Name the
1- smallest muscle
2- largest muscle
3- strongest muscle

A

1- stapedius (in the ear)
2- lattisimus dorsi
3- gluteus maximus

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8
Q

Name the two types of contraction and how they work.

A

Isometric - length remains the same whilst the tension increases. eg pushing against an object that is too heavy to move or holding a glass in front of you.

Isotonic - length changes whilst tension remains constant or develops to overcome the opposing force.

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9
Q

The fixed end of a muscle. It barely moves during muscle action.

A

Origin

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10
Q

The part that connect the muscle to the bone found next the the origin and the insertion.

A

Attachment

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11
Q

Thickest part / main body of muscle.

A

Belly

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12
Q

The moving end of a muscle. The point to which the force of the muscle is directed. A muscle always works from this part towards the origin.

A

Insertion

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13
Q

This connects muscles to bones. White fibrous cords with no elasticity.

A

Tendon

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14
Q

This is found beneath the skin, found over almost the whole surface of the body, facilitates the movement the of the skin, serves as a medium for teh passage of nerves and blood vessels. Helps retain body warmth, connect skin with deep fascia.

A

Superficial Fascia

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15
Q

Dense, inelastic, stiff membrane which forms a sheath for muscles and broad surfaces for attachement. Made of shiny tendinous fibres it is thicker in unprotected areas and assists muscle actions through tension and pressure.

A

Deep fascia

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16
Q

Bend or flex a limb inwards.

A

Flexion

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17
Q

Bend if extend a limb outwards.

A

Extension

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18
Q

Move a limb away from mid line.

A

Abduction

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19
Q

Move a limb towards the midline.

A

Adduction

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20
Q

Turning towards centre

A

Inversion

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21
Q

Rotate the head at the neck

A

Rotation

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22
Q

Turning outwards away from centre

A

Eversion

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23
Q

Turn a limb to face upwards

A

Supination

24
Q

Flexing/bending foot upwards. Heel down, toe up

A

Dorsiflextion

25
Q

Turning a limb to face downwards.

A

Pronation

26
Q

Flexing bending the foot down towards the ground. Toe down, heel up.

A

Pantarflexion

27
Q

Name the muscles of the neck

A
  • Splenius Capitis (runs along neck to trunk - rotates head)
  • Sternocleoidomastoid (runs at an angle up neck - flexes head and turns from side to side)
  • Levator Scapulae (cervical vertebrae to upper medial border of scapula - rotates and elevated scapula)
  • Trapezius (kite shaped, upper back. Rotates inferior angle of scapula laterally)
28
Q

Name muscles of the trunk anterior

A
  • Pectoralis major (chest. draws arm forward and medially. Adducts and rotates inwards).
  • Serratus anterior (side of thorax. draws shoulder forward, rotates scapula)
  • Rectus abdominus (abdominal wall. supports viscera, flexes vertebral column).
  • Transverse abdominus (underneath internal and external obliques, deepest muscle of the abdomen.)
  • External Obliques (waist. flexes verteb ral column. rotates body at waist).
  • Internal Oblique (waist, deep to external oblique.produces rotation at the waist).
  • Ilio-psoas (deep muscle of pelvic floor, crosses hip joint)
29
Q

Name muscles of the trunk posterior

A
  • Levator scapulae
  • Rhomboids (between scapula and spine. adducts scapula)
  • Supraspinatus (top of scapula, above spine. abducts arm, hold humerus in socket)
  • Infraspinatus (scapula, below spine. lateral rotation of humerus stabilises humerus in socket)
  • Teres minor (side of scapula to humerus. lateral rotation of humerus)
  • Teres major (side of scapula to humerus. Adducts and medially rotates humerus)
  • Latisimus Dorsi (covers back. draws arm backwards, adducts and rotates it medially).
  • Erector Spinae (ribbon shaped group of muscles either side of spine.)
  • Gluteus medius (higher on the pelvis, continuing deep to gluteus maximus. Abducts and rotates femur medially).
  • Gluteus minimus (fan shaped muscle underneath gluteus medius. abducts and rotates femur medially).
  • Gluteus maximus (main bulk of buttock. extends the hip, raises the trunk after stooping. lateral rotation).
30
Q

Muscles of the shoulder and arm (anterior)

A
  • Deltoid (shoulder)
  • Coracobrachialis (deep to bicep, top of humerus)
  • Biceps
  • Brachialis (beneath biceps. flexes elbow joint)
  • Pronator teres (crosses anterior aspect of elbow)
  • Brachioradialis (lateral enterior foream. flexes elbow joint)
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris (flexes wrist, adducts ulna)
  • Flexor carpi radialis (flexes wrist joint)
  • Flexor carpi digitorum (anterior of forearm, flexes fingers)
31
Q

What is fibromyalgia

A

pain stiffness and tenderness of muscles, tendons and joints. common in back, neck, shoulder and feet.

32
Q

What is Cramp

A

painful involuntary contraction of muscles

33
Q

What is Atony

A

lack of normal tone or tension

34
Q

What is Atrophy

A

undernourishment, lack of use. wasting away or failure to reach normal size

35
Q

What is myostis

A

inflammation of a muscle

36
Q

What is Rupture

A

burst or tear in the fascia

37
Q

What is Spasm

A

more than usual number of muscle fibres in sustained contraction. usually response to pain.

38
Q

What is Spasticity

A

spinal reflexes cause sustained contraction

39
Q

What is sprain

A

twist or wrench of joint’s ligaments. painful swelling of the joint.

40
Q

What is strain

A

overexertion, over us, failure to warm up before activities. may involve reupture of muscle, sheath or tendon.

41
Q

What are adhesions

A

fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs.

42
Q

What is adhesive capsulitis

A

Frozen shoulder. Connective tissue surrounding the shoulder becomes infammed and stiff. restricts motion.

43
Q

What is achilles tendonitis

A

injury to the achilles tendon. overuse of affected limb.

44
Q

What is lumbago

A

backache affecting lumbar region.

45
Q

What is lateral epiconylitis

A

Tennis elbow. painful inflammation of the tendon at outer border of the elbow.

46
Q

What is medial epicondylitis

A

Golfers Elbow. similar to tennis elbow

47
Q

What is repetitive strain

A

Repeated movement leads to pain

48
Q

What are shin splints

A

painful inflammation of muscles around the shins. Frequent with runners

49
Q

What is tendonitis

A

Inflammation in or around tendons

50
Q

What is achilles bursitis

A

Inflammation of one or more bursae or synovial fluid in and around the achilles

51
Q

What is Muscular Dystrophy

A

hereditary diseases of the muscular system with weakness or wasting away of skeletal muscles

52
Q

What is Tetanus

A

acute and serious infection of central nervous system casued by bacterial infection of open wounds

53
Q

What is housemaids knee

A

when the bursa in the knee becomes inflamed, it swells up forming large egg like protrusion over the nee cap.

54
Q

Muscles of the shoulder and arm posterior

A
  • Deltoid
  • Triceps x3
  • Brachioradialis
  • Anconeus
  • Supinator Radii Brevie
  • Extensor Carpi radialis
  • Extensor carpi ulnaris
  • Exensor carpi digitorum
55
Q

Muscles of the leg anterior

A
  • Quadriceps
    1- Vastus Lateralis
    2- Rectus Femoris
    3- Vastus Intermedius
    4- Vastus Medialis
  • Adductor Brevis
  • Adductor Longus
  • Adductor Magnus
  • Sartorius
  • Peroneus longus
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Peroneus Longus
  • Tibialis Anterior
  • Extensor digitalis longus
56
Q

Muscles of the leg posterior

A
  • Gluteus minimus
  • Hamstrings
    1- Biceps femoris
    2- semitendinosus
    3- semimembranosus
  • Adductor magnus
  • Gracilis
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Tendon of achilles

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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