Endocrine System

Question 1

What is a hormone?

Answer 1

A chemical messenger. Secreted directly into the blood by a particular gland.

Question 2

Name the endocrine glands from top to bottom:

Answer 2

1- Pineal body
2- Pituitary gland
3- Thyroid gland
4- Parathyroid gland
5- Thymus gland
6- Adrenal glands
7- Pancreas
8- Ovaries / Testes

Question 3

Name the hormones (and their functions) from the Anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland (9):

Answer 3

1- HGH - Human Growth Hormone
(regulates height and growth)

2- MSH - Melanocyte stimulating hormone
(stimulates production of melanin in basal layer of skin)

3- TSH - Thyrotrophin
(controls thyroid gland)

4- ACTH Adrenocorticotrophin
(controls adrenal cortex)

5- LTH Lactogen hormone
(production of milk during lactation)

6- Gonadotrophins
(control sexual development)

7- FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
(stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen and to ovulate. Produces sperm in men)

8- LSH Luteinising hormone
(stimulates ovaries to produce the corpus luteum from ruptured follicles and produce progesterone)

9- ICSH Intersitial cell-stimulating hormone
(stimulates sperm production and secretion of testosterone)

Question 4

Name the hormones (and their functions) from the Posterior Lobe of the pituitary gland (2):

Answer 4

1- ADH Anti diuretic hormone
(regulates water absorption in kindeys)

2- Oxytocin
(contracts mammary glands when suckling begins, contraction of muscles to begin child birth, the love hormone)

Question 5

Name the hormones (and their functions) from the Thyroid Glands (2):

Answer 5

1- Thyroxin - produced in response to TSH from pituitary.
(stimulate tissue metabolism, maintain basic metabolic rate MBR)

2- Calcitonin
(maintenance of calcium and phosphorus balance)

Question 6

Name the hormone (and it’s functions) from the Parathyroid Glands (1):

Answer 6

1- Parathormone
(maintenance of calcium level in plasma, stimulates calcium reabsorption in kidneys, activates Vit D)

Question 7

Name the hormones (and their functions) from the adrenal cortex (3):

Answer 7

1- Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
(regulates salts in body)

2- Glucocorticoids - cortisol and cortisone
(produced in response to ACTH from pituitary. Metabolises carbohydrates, fats and proteins)

3- Sex hormones - oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone
(sexual development and maturity, ovulation, hair growth in pubic and axillary areas)

Question 8

Name the hormone (and it’s function) from the Adrenal medulla (1):

Answer 8

1- Adrenaline and noradrenaline
(stress hormones, prepare body for ‘fight or flight’ by speeding up heart rate, slowing digestive and urinary systems, increases blood pressure and blood sugar level.)

Question 9

Name the hormone (and it’s function) from the pancreas (1):

Answer 9

1- insulin and glucagon
(helps glucose enter the cells to regulate blood sugar levels)

Question 10

Name the hormones (and their function) from the ovaries (2):

Answer 10

1- oestrogen

2- progesterone

Responsible for female sexual characteristics. breast growth, widening of hips, pubic and axillary hair growth.

Question 11

Name the hormones (and their function) from the testes (1):

Answer 11

1- testosterone
Male sex hormone, sperm production, changes at puberty, voice breaking, facial and axillary hair growth, increased muscle mass.

Question 12

Name the hormone (and it’s function) from the pineal body (1):

Answer 12

1- Melatonin
controls body rhythms - responds to sunlight.
circadian rhythms.

Question 13

Name the hormones (and their function) from the thymus gland (4):

Answer 13

1- TF Thymic Factor
2- THF Thymic Humoral Factor
3- Thymosine
4- Thymopoietin

part of immune system, appear to promote development of T lymphocytes in the thymus gland.

Question 14

What are the 3 stages of the menstrual cycle and their lengths?

Answer 14

1st - menstrual phase (5 days)
2nd - proliferative phase (7 days)
3rd - secretory phase (14 days)

Question 15

Describe the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle:

Answer 15

1- progesterone (produced by corpus luteum) enters the blood stream.
2- pituitary gland responds by producing less lutenising hormone. Which means corpus luteum breaks down.
3- progesterone levels fall. this stops endometrium from holding fluid and starts to break down - menstruation begins.

Question 16

Describe the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle:

Answer 16

1- FSH is produced which stimulates follicles of ovaries to produce oestrogen.
2- Oestrogen then stimulates endometrium promoting growth of new blood vessels.
3- then ovulation occurs. Egg travels down fallopian tube towards towards the uterus.

Question 17

Describe the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle:

Answer 17

1- LH stimulates the ruptured follicle lining to grow into corpus luteum.
2- Corpus luteum produces progesterone stimulating the endometrium to retain fluid which makes it easier for sperm to pass through the reproductive tract.
3- if egg is not fertilised, menstrual cycle begins again.

Question 18

What is Addison’s Syndrome?

Answer 18

hypersecretion of adrenocorticol hormones. muscular atrophy and weakness, gastric problems, dehydration

Question 19

What is Amenorrhoea?

Answer 19

Hypersecretion of testosterone in women. radical weight loss, anaemia

Question 20

What is cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 20

hypersecretion of adrenocorticol hormones. muscular atrophy and weakness. moon shaped face, redistribution of body fat, mental illness.

Question 21

What is Polycystic Overian Syndrome?

Answer 21

irregular menstrual cycle, due to stimulation multiple growth of follicular ovarian cysts and sometimes infertility. Enlarged ovaries.

Question 22

What is Diabetes 1?

Answer 22

Auto immune disease. Pancreas unable to produce insulin. High blood glucose level, excessive thirst, high urine output, tiredness and weight loss.

Question 23

What is Diabetes 2?

Answer 23

Body cells do not respond properly to insulin and pancreas may not produce enough. High blood glucose level, excessive thirst, high urine output, tiredness and weight loss.

Question 24

What is Grave’s disease?

Answer 24

Auto immune disease, commonly affects the thyroid. Grows twice the size or is overactive. Related to hyperthyroid symptoms such as increased heartbeat, muscle weakness, disturbed sleep.