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Anatomy and Physiology > Cells & Tissues > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

The cell membrane has tiny holes through which small molecules (like O2 and CO2) can pass

A

Diffusion

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2
Q

The process of transferring water across the membrane through osmotic pressure. Water crosses to balance out the pressure until it’s equal.

A

Osmosis

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3
Q

Fatty substances dissolve into the lipid part of the membrane because they’re too big to diffuse through tiny pores.

A

Dissolution

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4
Q

When substances are too large to pass directly through the membrane or not soluble in fat, a carrier substance takes them from the outside to the inside. Glucose and amino acids are both taken in this form.

A

Active Transport

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5
Q

The movement of water and soluble substances across a membrane caused by the difference of pressure either side of the membrane.

A

Filtration

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6
Q

The powerhouse of the cell. They supply the cell with energy.

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

The protein factories of the cell. They produce enzymes and other protein compounds.

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

The circulatory system of the cell. Rough part transports the protein made by the ribosomes. The smooth part is involved in lipid and steroid production.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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9
Q

Formed at one of the vesicles which bud off from endoplasmic reticulum. Forms a communication network from deep with the cell to it’s membranes. Also used to make lysosomes.

A

Golgi apparatus

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10
Q

Contain digestive enzymes which destroy worn out parts of a cell and bacteria. Break down parts of food allowing them to be used for energy transfer within the cell.

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

These contain waste materials or secretions formed by the cytoplasm and are used for storage or digestion.

A

Vacuoles

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12
Q

Rod like organelles that lie at right angles to each other. Play an important role in mitosis.

A

Centrioles

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13
Q

Dense area of cytoplasm containing the centrioles.

A

Centrosomes

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14
Q

The largest organelle. Controls the cell’s growth processes, repair and reproduction.

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

A small body within the nucleus that controls the formations of ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

Loosely coiled strands of DNA

A

Chromatin

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17
Q

Tightly coiled DNA strands comprising of two chromatids held together by a centromere.

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

Cell Functions (Mrs Grem)

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Metabolism

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19
Q

List the order of phases of mitosis

A

1- Prophase
2- Metaphase
3- Anaphase
4- Telophase
5- Interphase

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20
Q

-Centrosome divides into 2 centrioles.
-They move away from each other. Still joined by spindle threads.
-Chromatin shortens and thickens, forming chromosomes.
-Nucleolus disappears.

A

Prophase

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21
Q

-Nuclear membrane disappears
-Chromosomes arrange themselves at the centre of the cell.
-Each individual chromosome distinctly individual as two chromatids starting to pull apart.

A

Metaphase

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22
Q

-Centromere stretches as centrioles are drawn further apart.
-Pairs of chromatids divide and identical halves move to each end of the cell.
-Spindle threads of the centrioles divide to form new centromeres and the cell membrane begins to constrict in the middle.

A

Anaphase

23
Q

-Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.
-Cell membrane constricts until 2 daughter cells are formed.

A

Telophase

24
Q

The resting phase of a cell between two divisions.

A

Interphase

25
Q

What is the name of the reproduction of sex cells

A

Meiosis

26
Q

Single layer of flattened cells attached to a basement membrane.
Thin, often permeable lining of the heart, blood/lymph vessels, alveoli of the lungs.
Allows diffusion and filtration.

A

Squamous (simple epithelium)

27
Q

Single layer of cube-shaped cells attached to basement membrane.
Forms lining of kidney tubules as well as some glands. It can secrete.

A

Cuboidal (simple epithelium)

28
Q

Single layer of tall, rectangular cells attached to basement membrane. Resilient.
Forms linings in very active parts of body such as stomach, intestines, urethra.
Some secrete mucus, some absorb mucus.

A

Columnar (simple epithelium)

29
Q

Single layer of (mostly) columnar cells (sometimes combined with squamous or cuboidal).
Tiny hair like projections - cilia - stick out from the membrane.
The cilia work in waves to remove mucus, foreign matter and debris to keep passageways clear.
Respiratory system is lined with these cells.

A

Ciliated (simple epithelium)

30
Q

Dry surface cells. Forms a dead layer eg hair, skin, nails.
Prevents deeper layers from drying out and protects them.

A

Stratified Keratinised (compound epithelium)

31
Q

Wet surface cells eg inside mouth, lining of oesophagus, conjunctiva of eyes. Provides lubrication.

A

Stratified Non-keratinised (compound epithelium)

32
Q

Tissue with cells that can change shape when necessary. Cube shaped surface cells and deeper pear shaped cells.
Found in organs that need waterproof expandable lining eg bladder and uterus.

A

Transitional (compound epithelium)

33
Q

Tissue composed of nerve cells and neuroglia. The cells have long fibrous processes.
Capable of transmitting signals to and from the brain. Protective.

A

Nervous tissue

34
Q

Muscle tissue which helps to support and move the body

A

Skeletal Muscular tissue

35
Q

Muscle tissue which carries out involuntary functions eg peristalsis

A

Smooth muscular tissue

36
Q

Muscle tissue which allows the heart to pump blood

A

Cardiac muscular tissue

37
Q

Semi solid and permeable tissue, allowing fluids to pass through it. Contains yellow elastic, white fibres, mast cells and fibrocytes.
Found all over body connecting and supporting other tissues. Under the skin, between muscles, supporting blood vessels and nerves.

A

Areolar (connective tissue)

38
Q

A fatty tissue made up of fat cells found between muscle fibres and under the skin giving the body a smooth continuous outline. Also found around kidneys and the back of the eyes.
Protective and insulatory. Food reserve.

A

Adipose (connective tissue)

39
Q

Semi solid tissue. Has some white fibres but not bundles. Lots of cells, the majority are lymphocytes and reticular cells which engulf bacteria and destroy it.
Forms the lymphatic system, found in lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils, wall of large intestine, appendix and glands of the small intestine.

A

Lymphoid (connective tissue)

40
Q

Tissue composed of elastic fibres and very few cells. Capable of considerable extension and recoil. Forms lung tissue, bronchi and trachea, arteries, stomach, bladder and any organs that need to stretch and recoil.

A

Yellow elastic (connective tissue)

41
Q

Tissue which is strongly connective but not very elastic. Closely packed bundles of collagen fibres with only a few cells in rows between fibres. Forms ligaments and the periosteum bone, forms the outer protection of organs eg around the kidneys, the dura of the brain, the fascia of muscles and tendons.

A

White fibrous (connective tissue)

42
Q

Hardest structure in the body. Two types: comact and cancellous. Compact is dense bone for strenght. Cancellous is for structure bearing and cell development. Support and protects the body and all organs.

A

Bone (connective tissue)

43
Q

Fluid tissue containing 45% cells and 55% plasma. Transports oxygen to all the cells of the body and remove waste, fight infection and clot.

A

Blood (connective tissue)

44
Q

Bluis white smooth tissue for connecting and protecting. Found on joints, costal cartilages, and parts of the laryns, trachea and bronchi.

A

Hyaline Cartilage (connective tissue)

45
Q

Yellow elastic fibres running through a solid matrix. Contains fibrocytes and chondrocytes. Found in part of body that need to move freely like the pinna (cartilage of ear) and epiglottis.

A

Yellow Elastic cartilage (connective tissue)

46
Q

Tissue with white fibres closely packed in dense masses. Tough and slightly flexible. Absorb shock. Forms the intervertebral discs and semi lunar cartilages, the shock absorbers between the knee joint bones, and in hop and shoulder sockets.

A

White fibrocartilage (connective tissue)

47
Q

Describe what happens in Prophase

A
  • CHROMATIN condenses, becomes short and thick to make CHROMOSOMES.
  • Each chromosome is two sister chromatids joined together at the centromere.
  • Nucleolus disappears. Nuclear membrane starts to break down.
  • Centrosomes (each with a pair of centrioles) move to either end of the cell forming spindles between them.
48
Q

Describe what happens in Metaphase

A
  • Microtubules from the spindle interact with chromosomes.
  • This causes chromosomes to line up along the centre of the cell.
49
Q

Describe what happens in Anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids separate and the chromosomes move in separate directions to the centromeres at either end.
  • Cell membrane starts to constrict.
50
Q

Describe what happens in Telophase

A
  • Daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles.
  • Chromatin starts to decoil.
  • Nuclei forms.
  • Cells splits in 2 to make daughter cells.
51
Q

How any chromosomes do human cells contain?

A

46

52
Q

How many chromosomes are in a sex cell?

A

23

53
Q

What type of tissue are goblet cells found in?

A

simple epithelium

Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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