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A_First Aid Random Memorizing > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

gene mutation causing holoprosencephaly

A

sonic hedgehog

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2
Q

gene necessary for proper organization along dorsal ventral axis

A

wnt-7 gene

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3
Q

stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm providing for limb lengthening

A

FGF gene

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4
Q

appendages in wrong locations

A

hox (transcriptional factors)

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5
Q

when does hcG secretion begin

A 
day 6 (day of implantation of blastocyst)
blastocyst "sticks" at day 6
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6
Q

how many layer disk at 2 weeks

A

2 layers

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7
Q

when does gastrulation occur (formation of 3 layers)

A

week 3

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8
Q

when is embryo susceptible to teratogens

A

formation of neural tube (embryonic period) between weeks 3-8

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9
Q

what week does heart beat and limbs begin to form

A

4
4 chamber heart
4 limbs

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10
Q

when to fetal movements start

A

weeks 8 (GAIT AT WEEK 8)

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11
Q

when can you tell male/femal genitalia

A

week 10

TENitalia

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12
Q

origin of adenohypophisis

A

surface ectoderm (rathke pouch)

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13
Q

origin melanocytes

A

neural crest

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14
Q

origin retina and lens of eye

A

lens of eye - surface ectoderm

retina - neural tube

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15
Q

mesodermal defects result in what

A 
VACTERL
vertebral 
anal atresia
cardiac defects
TE fistula
renal agenesis
limb defects
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16
Q

origin nucleus pulposus

A

notochord

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17
Q

origin chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla and parafollicular c cells of thyroid

A

neural crest

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18
Q

amniotic band syndrome is what type of error

A

disruption (breakdown of previously normal tissue)

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19
Q

agenesis vs aplasia

A

agenesis - no organ NO PRIMORDIAL TISSUE

aplasia - no organ, primordial tissue present

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20
Q

apalasia vs hypoplasia

A

aplasia - absent organ

hypoplasia - incomplete organ

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21
Q

deformation vs malformaiotn

A

deformation - extrinsic, post embryonic period

malformation - intrinsic, during embyonic period 3-8

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22
Q

teratogen tetracycline

A

discolored teeth, inhibited bone growth

TEETHracyclines

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23
Q

why are trimehoprim, methotrexate, and antiepileptic drugs contraindicated in pregnancy

A

they inhibit FOLATE = neural tube defects

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24
Q

lithium teratogen

A

ebstein anomaly (apical dispalcement for tricuspid valve)

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25
Q

which anticoag is good an bad for pregnancy

A

warfarin bad “wage war on baby”

heparin good”heppy baby”, does cross placenta

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26
Q

lack or excess iodine can do what to fetus

A

congential goiter or hypothyroidism (cretinism)

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27
Q

maternal diabetes increases risk for what in fetus

A

hypoglycemia, macosomia, neural tube defects, caudal regression syndrome congenital heart defects

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28
Q

why are mothers told to avoid fish in pregnancy

A

avoid methymercury poisoning which causing neurotoxicity ot baby

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29
Q

leading cuase of intellectual disability in US

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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30
Q

smooth philtrum, thin vermillion border, small palpebral fissures, limb dislocation

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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31
Q

MOA of fetal alcohol syndrome in causing its effects on baby

A

failure of cell migration

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32
Q

dizygotic twins

A

2 eggs fertalized by 2 separate sperm (2 zygotes), 2 separate amniotic sacs, 2 separate placentas

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33
Q

identical ttwins

A

1 fertilzed egg that splits early in pregnancy

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34
Q

mono twins split at 0-4 days

A

dichorionic diamniotic

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35
Q

mono twins split between 4-8 days

A 
monochorionic diamniatic (most identical twins)
(chorion is shared FIRST)
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36
Q

mono twins pslit 8-12 days

A

monochorionic monoamniotic (rare)

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37
Q

monotwins split past 12 days

A

conjointed twins

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38
Q

two layers for fetal placenta

A

cytotrophoblast (inner) and synctiotorphoblast (outer)

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39
Q

purpose of cytotroph and synctiotropho

A

cyto - Cyto makes Cells inside

synctiotropho - Synthesizes hormones outside

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40
Q

which layer of fetal placenta least suseptible to attack by maternal immune system

A

synctio (lacks MHC 1 expression)

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41
Q

which vessels return deoxygenated blood form fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta

A

umbilical arteries (2 of them)

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42
Q

which vessel supplies oxygenated blood form placenta to fetus

A

umblical vein (1 of them)

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43
Q

what can give you single umbilical artery

A

assocaited with congeintal and chromosomal anomalies

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44
Q

umbilical arteries derived from what

A

allantois

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45
Q

urachus is a duct between what two strutures; when does it develop

A

fetal blader and umbilicus (week 3)

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46
Q

patent urachus

A

total failure of urachus to obliterate (urine discharge from umbliicus)

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47
Q

fluid filled cavity lined with uroepithelium between umbliicus and bladder

A

urachal cysts (can lead to infeciton or adenocarcinoma)

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48
Q

when does vitelline duct obliterate

A

week 7

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49
Q

partial closure of vitelline duct; true diverticulum; ectopic gastric/pancreatic tisseu causing melan, hematochezia, abd pain

A

meckel

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50
Q

what happens if vitelline duct fails to close completely

A

fitula - meconium dischage from umbilicus

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51
Q

artery of 2nd aortic arch

A

stapedial artery and hyoid artery (Second arch - Stapedial) S’s

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52
Q

arteyr of 4th arch

A

left - aortic arch
right - proximal part of subclavin artery

4th arch - 4 limbs (systemic circulation)

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53
Q

artery of 3rd arch

A

Common Carotid artery and proximal internal Carotid artery

3rd arch - 3’rd letter of alphabet CCC

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54
Q

artery of 6th arch

A

pulmonary arteries proximal (left) and ductus ductus arteriosis

pulmonary and pulmonary to systemic shunt (ductus arteriosis

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55
Q

artery of 1st arch

A 
maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)
1st arch is MAXIMAL
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56
Q

brachial cleft, arch, pouch derived from…

A

CAP covers outside to inside
Cleft aka grooves - ectoderm
Arch - mesoderm + neural crest
Pouch - endoderm

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57
Q

1st branchial cleft becomes…

A

external auditory meatus

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58
Q

branchial clefts 2-4 get obliterated when 2nd arch mesenchyme proliferaets…what happens when there is a persistent cerivcal sinus

A

branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck

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59
Q

location of branchial cleft cysts

A

anterior to SCM muscle, immobile during swalloing

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60
Q

how to remember branchial arch nerves

A

First chew, then sile, then swallow stylishliy, or simply swallow and then speak
1 - V2 V3 chew
2 - VII smile
3 - IX innervates stylopharyngeus (swallow stylishly)
4 - superior laryngeal CN X (simply swallow)
6 - recurrent laryngeal CN X (or speak)

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61
Q

which arches foorm posterior 1/3rd of tongue

A

3 and 4

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62
Q

origin of maxillary process (maxilla and zygomatic bone)

A

1st arch

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63
Q

origin of mandibular process

A

1st arch

meckel cartilage

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64
Q

origin of malleus and incus

A

1st arch

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65
Q

orign of greatern horn of hyoid

A

3rd arch

66
Q

origin of lesserhorn of hyoid

A

2nd arch

67
Q

origin of arytnoids, crricoid cartilage

A

4-6th arch

68
Q

origin thyroid cartilage

A

4-6th arch

69
Q

origin of cricoyhyroid

A

6TH ARCH (all other intrinsic larynx muscles) are from 4th arch

70
Q

origin of platysma

A

platySma

2nd arch

71
Q

origin of stapediu

A

2nd arch (Stapedius)

72
Q

origi of muscles of mastication

A

1st arch (teMporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids, Mylohyoid

73
Q

micorgnathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, airway obstruction

A

pierre robin sequence

abnormality of 1st and 2nd arch

74
Q

neural crest dysfunction, mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormlaities

A

treacher collins syndrome (1st and 2nd arch)

75
Q

orign stylopharyngeus

A

3rd arch

76
Q

how to remember branchial POUCH derivaties

A 
Ear, tonsils,( bottom-to) top
1st - ear 
2 - tonsils 
3rd dorsal inferior parathyrids
3rd ventral to= thyroid
4th top - superior parathyroids
77
Q

all thyroid portions except for parafollicular C cells are devid from…

A

endoderm (parafollicular C cells from neural crest)

78
Q

diegeorge syndrome bad eevelopment of which pouches

A

3rd and 4th

79
Q

digeorge cardiac abnormality

A

truncus arteriosus
tetraology of fallot
vsd

80
Q

failure of formation of 2nd palate leads to

A

cleft palate (palatine shelves)

81
Q

failure fusion of primary palate leads to..

A

cleft lip

82
Q

how do testes develop

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome produces testis determing factor (TDF)

83
Q

purpose of sertoli and leydig cells in development

A

sertoli - secrete mullerian inhibiting facto (MIF), that supprresses development of paramesonephric ducts (female)
leydig - secretes androgens that stimulate mesonephric (male, wolffian ducts)
Leydig Leads to male (intiernal and external)
Sertoli Shuts down female (internal)

84
Q

what does paramesonephric duct develop into

A

Mullerian duct devleops into femal internal structures

fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina (lower portion from urogenitcal sinus)

85
Q

female wiht fully developed 2ndary seual characterisitscs wiht pirmary amenorrhea

A 
mullerian agenesis (mayer rokitansky kuster hauser)
secondary characteristics are present because ovaries are functioning
86
Q

mesonephric duct devlepps into….

A

SEED

seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejactulary duct, ductus deferens

87
Q

remnant of mesonephric duct in females

A

gartner duct

88
Q

how to develop seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejac duct, ductus deferens, with fallpian tubes, uterus, upper portinon of vagina but still have penis and scrotum

A

lack of sertoli cells or MIF

89
Q

male internal genitalia but ambiguous external genitalia until puberty

A

5a reductase deficiency

usually converts testosterone into DHT to develop penis until puberty makes more testosterone

90
Q

iincomplete resportion of septum of mullerian ducts

A

septate uterus (assocaited with decreased fertility and early miscarriage)

91
Q

how to treat setpat uterus

A

septoplasty

92
Q

bicornuate uterus

A

incomplete fusion o fmullerian ducts (increased risk of complicated pregnancy, early pregnayc loss, prematurity)

93
Q

complete failure of fusion of mullerian ducts

A

uterus didelphys

94
Q

double uterus double cervix double vagina

A

uterus didelphys

95
Q

origin of bulbourethra glands, prostate gland

A

urogentical sinus

96
Q

origin of vestibular bulbs and glans cliturs

A

genital tubercle

97
Q

origin of glans and corpus cavernosum/spongiosum

A

genitcal tubercule

98
Q

origin of labia minora and penile urethra

A

urogenital folds

99
Q

origin scrotum and labia MAJORA

A

labioscortal swelling

100
Q

what causes hypospadias

A

failure of urethra folds to fuse

101
Q

cause of epispadias

A

faulty positioning of genital tubercle

102
Q

extrosophy of bladder

A

epispadias

103
Q

what penile abnormality is assocaited with inguinal hernia and cryptorchidism

A

hypospadias

104
Q

testes anchor to scrotum remnant of what

A

gubernaculum

105
Q

ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus remnant of

A

gubernaculum

106
Q

origin of tunica vaginalis

A

processes vaginalus (evagination of peritonuem)

107
Q

lymph drainage glans penis

A

deep inguinal nodes

108
Q

lymph drainiage scrotum

A

superficial inguinal node

109
Q

lymph drainage body of uterus

A

external iliac

110
Q

lymph drainage ovary/testes

A

para aortic

111
Q

lmyph drainiage prostate

A

internal iliac nodes

112
Q

lymph drainage proximal vagina and distal vagina

A

proximal - internal iliac

distal - superficial inguinal

113
Q

lymph drainage cervix and body of uterus

A

external iliac

114
Q

pymh superior bladder

A

external iliac

115
Q

which structure is drained by both external and internal iliac nodes

A

cervix

116
Q

lymph drainage corpus cavernosum

A

internal iliac

117
Q

components of broad ligametn

A

mesosalpinx, mesometrium, mesovarium

118
Q

which ligament contains ovarian vessels

A

suspesnory ligament of ovary (infundibulopelivc ligament)

119
Q

during oophorectomy and we try to ligate ovarian vessels what structure is at risk of inury

A

ureter

120
Q

which structure contains uterine vessels

A

cardinal ligament

121
Q

which ligament connects cervix to side wall of pelivs

A

cardinal ligament

122
Q

which ligament connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall

A

infundibulopeliv ligament

123
Q

which ligament is a derivative of gubernaculum

A

round ligament (travels through round inguinal canal) and ovarian ligament

124
Q

which ligament latches ti lateral uterus

A

ovarian ligament

125
Q

transformation zone is transition between

A

outside- nonkeratinized stratified squamous
inside - simple columnar epithelium
actual zone is squamocolumnar

126
Q

which strucutre has simple columnar epithelium with long tubular glands in proliferative phase and coiled glands in secretory phase

A

uterus

127
Q

which structure has simple cuboidal epithelium

A

ovary outer surface

128
Q

pathway of sperm during ejaculation

A 
SEVEN UP
seminiferous tubules
epididymus
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts 
nothing
urethra
penis
129
Q

pelvic fracture, urine leak into retro=pubic space

A

posterior urethra injury

130
Q

perineal straddle injury with urine leakin gin deep fascia of buck or into perineal space

A

anterior urethra injury

131
Q

innervation erection ejeaculation process

A

erection - parasymp (PELVIC NERVE)
emission - sympathtic (hypogastric nerve)
ejaculation - viseral and Somatic nerve (pudendal nerve)

Point Squeeeze Shoot
parasym
symphatietic
somatic

132
Q

anti erectile and pro erectile substances

A

Nor epi - Ca - smooth muscle contraciton - vasoconstrict = anti erectile
No - CGMP - smooth uscle relaxation - vasodilation = proerectile

133
Q

MOA PDE5 inhibitors

A

decreas breakdown of cGMP = more erection

134
Q

which cells maintain germ cell pool and produce primary spermatocytes

A

spermatogonia (germ cells)

135
Q

How do sertoli cells inhibit FSH

A

inhibin B

136
Q

whwhat akes up the blood testis barrier

A

tight junction between adjacent sertoli ceels

137
Q

which cells secreate androgen bining protein

A

sertoli cells (maintains local levels of testosterone)

138
Q

where are leaydig cells located

A

interstitium

139
Q

how does increased temperature affect sperm production and inhibin B

A

decrease sperm production an dinhibin B

140
Q

leydig secrete testosterone in presence of what hormone

A

LH

141
Q

potency of estrogens and location

A

estradiol (in ovary) > (estrone in adipose tissue > estriol in placenta

142
Q

how is estrogen produced

A

LH acts on theca cell -> increases cAMP -> cholesterol converted to androstenedione bY DESMOLASE -> androstenedion moves to granulosa cell where it is converted to esterone via AROMATASE and then estrogen….upregulated by FSH psotively regulating via cAMP

143
Q

increased progesterone is indicative of….

A

ovulation

144
Q

how does progesterone effect estrogen, and gonadotropins

A

decreases estrogen receptor and inhibits LH and FSH (preparetion for preganncy)

145
Q

when do 1 oocytes begin meosis I

A

featl life and complete meosis 1(diploid( just prior to ovulation puberty)

meosis 1 is arrested in PROHPASE 1 (haploid) for years until ovulation (primary oocyte)

146
Q

when is meosis 2 arrestee

A

metaphose II until fertilization (secondary oocytes)

147
Q

what does LH, estrogen, GnRH look during ovulation

A

Increased estrogen induces LH Surge, and Increased GnRH receptors

148
Q

mid cycle ovulatory pain can have peritoneal irritation from follicular swelling or fallopian tube contractions can mimic appendicitis

A

Mittelschmerz

149
Q

at low concentrations, estrogen does what to LH

A

inhibit..

at high enogh coencentraiton it will sitmulate LH secretion leading to LH surge

150
Q

FSH is secreted in response to high or low estrogen

A

low…

so when estrogen climbs FSH will go down

151
Q

what 3 hormones does corpus luteum prodce

A 
estrogen
inhibin (inhibits FSH, we don't need more follicles after ovulation)
progresterone (inhibits GnRH releaes, stimulates endometrial growth)
152
Q

when does progresterone start to go down in luteal phase

A

when corpus luteum degenerates (no fertilization)

153
Q

betaHCG is produced by placenta until

A

week (8-10) in ordder to maintain corpus leteum until it can secrete its own estriol and progesterone

154
Q

how does protaglandins influence uterus

A

increaes uterine contractions

155
Q

oxytocin does…

A 
stimulates prostaglandins (uterine contracts)
and induces conractions
156
Q

what does pregnancy do to HR an RR

A

increase both to increase perfusion to fetus as well as to eliminate more CO2

157
Q

how does pregnancy affect preload and afterload

A

incresaed plasma volume (can see dilutional anemia)

will increase preload and decrease afterload

158
Q

pregnancy is hypercoagualbe true or false

A

true (in order to rpevent massive blood loss during pregnancy

159
Q

how does estrogen influence oxytocin receptors

A

increaes them through pregnancy

160
Q

how does human placental lacctogen influnce insulin

A

increases insulin abut induces resistance contirbutes to gestational diabetes

161
Q

how is GFR affected in pregnancy

A

incerased (more urination) and more renal blood flow

162
Q

GI adverse affect of pregnancy

A

reflux, constipation,

A_First Aid Random Memorizing (17 decks)

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