Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
primary motor area location
A
precentral gyrun
2
Q
broca speech area location
A
inferior frontal gyrus (frontal lobe) in dominant hemisphere
3
Q
location of supplementary motor cortex
A
superior frontal gyrus
4
Q
primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex
A
post central gyrus
5
Q
association areas involved in somatosensory functions
A
superior parietal lobule
6
Q
two components of inferior parietal lobule
A
supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus
7
Q
purpose of supramarginal and angular gyri
A
supramarginal - interrelates somatosensory, auditory, and visula inputs
angular - receives impulses from visual cortex
8
Q
location of Wernicke speech area
A
superior temporal gyrus (in temporal lobe. remember Broca is in inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe) in dominant hemisphere
9
Q
two structures that house the visual cortex
A
cuneus and lingual gyrus in occipital lobe
10
Q
components of striatum
A
cuadate nucleus
putamen
11
Q
components of lentiform nucleus
A
putamen
globus pallidus
12
Q
location of choroid plexus
A
lateral ventricles
13
Q
dvlp pathway cerebral hemispheres
A
forebrain, telencephalon WALL
14
Q
dvlp pathway lower part of 4th ventricle
A
hindbrain, myelencephalon CAVITY
15
Q
dvlp pathway pons and cerrebellum
A
hindbrian, myelencephalon WALL
16
Q
dvlp pathway thalamus, hypothalamus
A
forebrain, diencephalon WALL
17
Q
dvlp pathway aqueduct
A
midbrain, mesencephalon CAVITY
18
Q
dvlp pathway midbrain
A
midbrain, mesencephalon WALL
19
Q
dvlp pathway upper fourth ventricle
A
hindbrain, metencephalon CAVITY
20
Q
dvlp pathway medulla
A
hindbrain, myelencephalon WALL
21
Q
origin CNS neurons
A
neural tube
22
Q
origin microglia
A
blood borne macrophages…mesoderm
23
Q
origin schwann cells
A
neural crest
24
Q
origin oligodendrocytes
A
neural tube
25
origin astrocytes
neural tube
26
origin PNS neurons
neural crest
27
origin ependymal cells (inner ventricle lining(
neural tube
28
origin pigment cells (melanocytes)
neural crest
29
origin parafollicular cells (calcitonin C cells)
neural crest
30
what two conditions increase risk neural tube defects
maternal diabetes and low folic acid intake (PRIOR TO CONCEPTION AN DDURING PREGNANCY)
31
all neural tube defects will have increased AFP except
spina bifida (nml)
32
what neurotrnasmitter in amniotic fluid is helpful in confirming neural tube defect in addition to AFP
AchE
33
MOA anencephaly
failure of ROSTRAL neuropore to close
34
presentation of anenecephaly
no forebrain, open calvarium, poly =hyramnios
35
MOA spina bifida occulta
failure of CAUDAL neuropore to close, but no herniation
36
presentation of spina bifida occulta
usually seen lower vertebral level, assocaited with intact tdura and tuft of hair/dimple at bony defect
37
meninges herniate through bony defect (no neural tissue)
meningocele
38
spina bifida cystica
meningocele
39
meniningesAND neural tissue (cauda equina( herniate through bony defect
meneingmyelocele
40
GA when neuropores fuse
4th week
| neural tube defects usually occur here (persistent connection between amniotic fluid and spinal canal)
41
MOA holoprosencephaly and timing
failure of left and right hemispheres to separate at week 5-6
42
biochemical pathway involved in holopros
sonic hedgehog
43
holoprosencephaly assssociated with what syndromes
patau (trisomy 13) and fetal alcohol syndrome
44
MRI presentaiton of holoprosencephaly
monoventricle (one huge ventricle) and fusion of basal ganglia
45
which chiari malformation is least severe and why
chiari 1 (usually asymptomatic in childhood and manifests in adult hood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms) this is due to ectopia of only the cerebellar tonsils (1 structure)
46
which chiari malformaiton is assocateid with hydrocephaus, and lumbosacral meningomyelocele
chiari 2
47
what herniates in chiari 2
low lying cerebellar vermis and tonsils
48
cystic enlargement of fourth ventricle due to AGENESIS of cerebrellar vermis
dandy walker
49
what gets enlarged in dandy walker
4th ventricle and posterior fossa
50
what two diseases are dandy walker associtedd with
spina bifida and noncommunicating hydrocephalus
51
which spinal cord defect is associated with chiari malformaitons
syringomyelia (cystic cavity wihtin central canal of spinal cord)
52
"cape like" bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper exremities (fine touch sensation prserved)
syringomyelia (cystic cavity within centrla canal of psinal cod that damages fibers corssing anterior white commisure- spinothalamic tract) FIRST
53
MCC site syringomyelia
C8-T1
54
"frog like aappearance of fetus"
anencephaly
55
taste nerves
7 9 10 (solitary nucleus)
56
tongue pain nerves
v3 ix x
57
motor tongue nerve
x and 12
58
origin of anterior 2/3rds tongue
1st and 2nd branchiwal arches (cn 5 and 7(
59
posterior 1/3rd tongue
arches 3 and 4 (sensation and taste 9, posterior sensory X)
60
which nerve retracts, depresses tongue, draws sides of tongue upward, protrudes tongue
cn 12
61
which nerve elevated posterior tongue during swalling
10
62
components of neurons and functions
dendrites receive input
cell bodies
axons send output
63
Wallerian degeneration
degeneartion of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally
64
potential regeneration of what cells if wallerian degeneration?
PNS cells
65
astrocyte marker
GFAP
66
purpose of astrocytes
physical support, repair, removal excess NTs, form component of blood brain barrier,
SUPPORT CELL
67
what are the scavenger cells of hte CNS (phhagocytes)
microglia (actiavted in response to tissue damage)
68
origin of microglia
since they are macrophages they are MESODERM
69
what undergoes reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
astrocytes
70
origin of astrocytes
neurocectoderm
71
what helps buffer K concentration in extracellular space
astrocytes
72
biochemical markers for astrocytes
gltuamine synthetase and GFAP
73
which cells line luminal surface of choroid plexus and produce CSF
epndymal cells
74
myelin forming cells of PNS and CNS
pns - schwann cells
| cns - oligodendrocytes
75
BBB consists of
tight junctions of nonfenestrated endothelial cells and ASTROCYTIC FOOT PROCESSES and BASEMENT MEMBRANE
76
how does infarction o fbrain tissue affect BBB
destroys tight junctions and results in vasogenic edema (plasma) into extracellular space
77
where is neuromelanin found
substnatia nigra and locus ceruleus (disappears in Parkinson)
78
lipofuscin (aging accumulation) are derived form what organelle
lysosomes
79
lewy bodies...what dx
neuronal inclusions characterisitc of parkinsons
80
negri bodies
intracytoplasmic inclusions pathgnoinc for raibes!!!!
| found in pyramidal ells of hippocampus and purkinje cells of cerebellum
81
intraneuronal, eosinophilic rodlike inclusions found in hippocampus
alzheimers (Hirano bodies)
82
cowdry type a inclusion bodies
HSV
83
how many axons can one schwann cell myelinate
1 pns axon
84
how many axons can one oligoendrocyte myelnate
many CNS axons about 30
| predominant in white matter
85
what cell type is injured in guillan barre
schwann cells
86
what cell type is injured in MS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML and leukodystrophies
oligodendrocytes
87
where are free nerves located and what do they mediate
located on all skin and epidermins...some viscera
| pain and temperature
88
large myelinated fibers found in depe skin layers that sense vibration and pressure
pacinian corpusccles
89
dep static touch and position sense found in finger tips
merkel discs
90
dendritic endings with CAPSULE found in finger tips sense pressure and slippage of objects along skin
ruffini corpuscles
91
found on hairless skin sense dynamic, fine/light touch and position sense
meissner corpuscles
92
inflammatory infiltrate in guillan bare syndrome
endoneurium
93
layers of peripiheral nerve
endoneurium surrounding one nerve fiber-> perineurium (blood nerve permeability -barier that surrounds fasicle of multiple nerve fibers) -> epineurium surrounding entire nervee of fascilcles and blood vessels)
94
reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury concurrent with Wallerian degeneration
chromatolysis
95
3 characteristics of chromatolysis
round cellular swelling
displacement of nucleus to periphery
dispersion of nissl substance throughout cytoplasm
96
where is Ach synthesized
basal nucleus of meynert
97
where is GABA made
nucleus accumbens
98
where is norepi made
locus ceruleus
99
where is serotonin made
raphe nucleus
100
where is dopamine made
ventral tegmentum and SNc
101
which two meningeal layers are derived form neural crest
the two inner ones (arachnoid and pia mater)
102
origin of dura mater
mesoderm
103
how o glucose and AAs corss BBB vs nonpolar lipid soluble substances
glucose and AAs - slow via carrier mediated transport
| nonpolar lipids - rapid via diffusion
104
what specialized brain regions have no BBB to allow molecules to pass to alter brain function
OVLT organum vasculosum lmaina terminalis for osmotic sensing, neurohypophsis for neurosecretory products of area psotrea *vomiting after chemo", responds to emetics
105
what does hypothalamus regulate
```
TAN HATS
thirst and water balance
adenohypophiss (anterior pit)
neurohypophis (posterior pit)
hunger
autonomic nervous system
temperature
seual urges
```
106
inputs to hypothalamus (areas not protected by BB)
OVLT - osmolarity changes
| area postrema - medulla, responds to emetics
107
lateral area of hypothalamus
hunger
destruction = anarexia, fialure to thrive
stimulated by ghrelin, inhibited by leptin (do not LEPT me eat)
zap lateral area you shrink laterally
108
venteromedial area of hypothalamus
satiety
destruction = hyperphagia...
stimulated by leptin
zap this and you grow ventrally and medailly
109
anterior hypothalamus
cooling, parasympathetic
A/C air conditioning, anterior cooling
110
posterior hypothalamus
heating, sympathetic
| zap this and you become cold (poilikotherm)
111
suprachiasmatic nucles
circadian rhythm
| sleep to be charismatic
112
supraoptic and parventricular nuclei
synthesize ADH and oxytocin
| carried by neurophysins down axons where these hormones are stored and released
113
circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of what NTs
ACTH, prolactin, melatonin and norepi
114
how is melatonin released
SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) -> norepi release -> pineal gland -> melatonin
115
what substances decreased REM and delta wave sleep
alcohol, barbituates, benzos and norepi
116
treatment for bedwetting
oral desmopressin (ADH analog)
but always try motivational therapy first
117
what to use for nigh terrors and sleepwalking
benzos (decrease N3 and REM sleep)
118
stages of sleep
awake open eyes, awake eyes closed, nonREM stage N1, n2, n3, REM sleep
119
what waves are assocaited with each stage
BATS Drink Blood
beta (highest frequency lowest amplitude)
alpha
theta
sleep spindles, K complexes
delta (loweest frequency, highest amplitude)
beta (REM sleep)
120
what happens to motor tone durign REM
loss of motor tone
121
what happens to brain O2 use, variable pulse, BP, and Ach during dreamig
all increase
122
how often does REM happen
every 90 mins
123
function of thalamus
major relay for all ascending SENSORY info except olfaction
124
ventral posterolateral nucleus
relay Vibration Pain Pressure Proprioception Light touch, temp from spinothalmuc, dorsal columns to primary somatosensory cortex
125
Ventral posterooMedial nucleu
face sensation and taste "make up goes to the face"
126
Lateral geniculate nuclues
relays CN II visual informaiton to calcarine sulcus (lateral to light)
127
medial geniculate nucleus
input form superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum to relay AUDIO info to adutiory cortex of temporary lobe (lmedial = music)
128
ventral lateral nucleus
relays motor info from basal ganglia to motor cortex
129
5 Fs of limbic system
feeding fleeing fighting feeling FUCKING
130
4 dopaminergic pathway abnormaliteis
mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, tuberonfundibular
131
mesocortical pathway abnormalities
decread activity leads to "negative symptoms"
132
mesolibic abnormalities
incresaed activity leads to "positive symptoms" (target for antipsychotics)
133
nigrostriatl abnormalities
decreae activity leads to EPS (dystonia, akathisa, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesai) MAJOR DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAY IN BRAIN
134
tueroinfundibular abnormality
decreasd activity leads to increaed prolactin and decreased libido...sexual dysfunction galactorrhea gynecomastia
135
which dopaminergic pathway is significantly affectedby movement disorders and antipsychotic drugs
nigrostriatal
