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A_First Aid Random Memorizing > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

primary motor area location

A

precentral gyrun

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2
Q

broca speech area location

A

inferior frontal gyrus (frontal lobe) in dominant hemisphere

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3
Q

location of supplementary motor cortex

A

superior frontal gyrus

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4
Q

primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex

A

post central gyrus

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5
Q

association areas involved in somatosensory functions

A

superior parietal lobule

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6
Q

two components of inferior parietal lobule

A

supramarginal gyrus

angular gyrus

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7
Q

purpose of supramarginal and angular gyri

A

supramarginal - interrelates somatosensory, auditory, and visula inputs
angular - receives impulses from visual cortex

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8
Q

location of Wernicke speech area

A

superior temporal gyrus (in temporal lobe. remember Broca is in inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe) in dominant hemisphere

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9
Q

two structures that house the visual cortex

A

cuneus and lingual gyrus in occipital lobe

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10
Q

components of striatum

A

cuadate nucleus

putamen

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11
Q

components of lentiform nucleus

A

putamen

globus pallidus

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12
Q

location of choroid plexus

A

lateral ventricles

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13
Q

dvlp pathway cerebral hemispheres

A

forebrain, telencephalon WALL

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14
Q

dvlp pathway lower part of 4th ventricle

A

hindbrain, myelencephalon CAVITY

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15
Q

dvlp pathway pons and cerrebellum

A

hindbrian, myelencephalon WALL

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16
Q

dvlp pathway thalamus, hypothalamus

A

forebrain, diencephalon WALL

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17
Q

dvlp pathway aqueduct

A

midbrain, mesencephalon CAVITY

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18
Q

dvlp pathway midbrain

A

midbrain, mesencephalon WALL

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19
Q

dvlp pathway upper fourth ventricle

A

hindbrain, metencephalon CAVITY

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20
Q

dvlp pathway medulla

A

hindbrain, myelencephalon WALL

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21
Q

origin CNS neurons

A

neural tube

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22
Q

origin microglia

A

blood borne macrophages…mesoderm

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23
Q

origin schwann cells

A

neural crest

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24
Q

origin oligodendrocytes

A

neural tube

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25
Q

origin astrocytes

A

neural tube

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26
Q

origin PNS neurons

A

neural crest

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27
Q

origin ependymal cells (inner ventricle lining(

A

neural tube

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28
Q

origin pigment cells (melanocytes)

A

neural crest

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29
Q

origin parafollicular cells (calcitonin C cells)

A

neural crest

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30
Q

what two conditions increase risk neural tube defects

A

maternal diabetes and low folic acid intake (PRIOR TO CONCEPTION AN DDURING PREGNANCY)

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31
Q

all neural tube defects will have increased AFP except

A

spina bifida (nml)

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32
Q

what neurotrnasmitter in amniotic fluid is helpful in confirming neural tube defect in addition to AFP

A

AchE

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33
Q

MOA anencephaly

A

failure of ROSTRAL neuropore to close

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34
Q

presentation of anenecephaly

A

no forebrain, open calvarium, poly =hyramnios

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35
Q

MOA spina bifida occulta

A

failure of CAUDAL neuropore to close, but no herniation

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36
Q

presentation of spina bifida occulta

A

usually seen lower vertebral level, assocaited with intact tdura and tuft of hair/dimple at bony defect

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37
Q

meninges herniate through bony defect (no neural tissue)

A

meningocele

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38
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

meningocele

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39
Q

meniningesAND neural tissue (cauda equina( herniate through bony defect

A

meneingmyelocele

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40
Q

GA when neuropores fuse

A

4th week

neural tube defects usually occur here (persistent connection between amniotic fluid and spinal canal)

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41
Q

MOA holoprosencephaly and timing

A

failure of left and right hemispheres to separate at week 5-6

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42
Q

biochemical pathway involved in holopros

A

sonic hedgehog

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43
Q

holoprosencephaly assssociated with what syndromes

A

patau (trisomy 13) and fetal alcohol syndrome

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44
Q

MRI presentaiton of holoprosencephaly

A

monoventricle (one huge ventricle) and fusion of basal ganglia

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45
Q

which chiari malformation is least severe and why

A

chiari 1 (usually asymptomatic in childhood and manifests in adult hood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms) this is due to ectopia of only the cerebellar tonsils (1 structure)

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46
Q

which chiari malformaiton is assocateid with hydrocephaus, and lumbosacral meningomyelocele

A

chiari 2

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47
Q

what herniates in chiari 2

A

low lying cerebellar vermis and tonsils

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48
Q

cystic enlargement of fourth ventricle due to AGENESIS of cerebrellar vermis

A

dandy walker

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49
Q

what gets enlarged in dandy walker

A

4th ventricle and posterior fossa

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50
Q

what two diseases are dandy walker associtedd with

A

spina bifida and noncommunicating hydrocephalus

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51
Q

which spinal cord defect is associated with chiari malformaitons

A

syringomyelia (cystic cavity wihtin central canal of spinal cord)

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52
Q

“cape like” bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper exremities (fine touch sensation prserved)

A

syringomyelia (cystic cavity within centrla canal of psinal cod that damages fibers corssing anterior white commisure- spinothalamic tract) FIRST

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53
Q

MCC site syringomyelia

A

C8-T1

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54
Q

“frog like aappearance of fetus”

A

anencephaly

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55
Q

taste nerves

A

7 9 10 (solitary nucleus)

56
Q

tongue pain nerves

A

v3 ix x

57
Q

motor tongue nerve

A

x and 12

58
Q

origin of anterior 2/3rds tongue

A

1st and 2nd branchiwal arches (cn 5 and 7(

59
Q

posterior 1/3rd tongue

A

arches 3 and 4 (sensation and taste 9, posterior sensory X)

60
Q

which nerve retracts, depresses tongue, draws sides of tongue upward, protrudes tongue

A

cn 12

61
Q

which nerve elevated posterior tongue during swalling

A

10

62
Q

components of neurons and functions

A

dendrites receive input
cell bodies
axons send output

63
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

degeneartion of axon distal to site of injury and axonal retraction proximally

64
Q

potential regeneration of what cells if wallerian degeneration?

A

PNS cells

65
Q

astrocyte marker

A

GFAP

66
Q

purpose of astrocytes

A

physical support, repair, removal excess NTs, form component of blood brain barrier,

SUPPORT CELL

67
Q

what are the scavenger cells of hte CNS (phhagocytes)

A

microglia (actiavted in response to tissue damage)

68
Q

origin of microglia

A

since they are macrophages they are MESODERM

69
Q

what undergoes reactive gliosis in response to neural injury

A

astrocytes

70
Q

origin of astrocytes

A

neurocectoderm

71
Q

what helps buffer K concentration in extracellular space

A

astrocytes

72
Q

biochemical markers for astrocytes

A

gltuamine synthetase and GFAP

73
Q

which cells line luminal surface of choroid plexus and produce CSF

A

epndymal cells

74
Q

myelin forming cells of PNS and CNS

A

pns - schwann cells

cns - oligodendrocytes

75
Q

BBB consists of

A

tight junctions of nonfenestrated endothelial cells and ASTROCYTIC FOOT PROCESSES and BASEMENT MEMBRANE

76
Q

how does infarction o fbrain tissue affect BBB

A

destroys tight junctions and results in vasogenic edema (plasma) into extracellular space

77
Q

where is neuromelanin found

A

substnatia nigra and locus ceruleus (disappears in Parkinson)

78
Q

lipofuscin (aging accumulation) are derived form what organelle

A

lysosomes

79
Q

lewy bodies…what dx

A

neuronal inclusions characterisitc of parkinsons

80
Q

negri bodies

A

intracytoplasmic inclusions pathgnoinc for raibes!!!!

found in pyramidal ells of hippocampus and purkinje cells of cerebellum

81
Q

intraneuronal, eosinophilic rodlike inclusions found in hippocampus

A

alzheimers (Hirano bodies)

82
Q

cowdry type a inclusion bodies

A

HSV

83
Q

how many axons can one schwann cell myelinate

A

1 pns axon

84
Q

how many axons can one oligoendrocyte myelnate

A

many CNS axons about 30

predominant in white matter

85
Q

what cell type is injured in guillan barre

A

schwann cells

86
Q

what cell type is injured in MS, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PML and leukodystrophies

A

oligodendrocytes

87
Q

where are free nerves located and what do they mediate

A

located on all skin and epidermins…some viscera

pain and temperature

88
Q

large myelinated fibers found in depe skin layers that sense vibration and pressure

A

pacinian corpusccles

89
Q

dep static touch and position sense found in finger tips

A

merkel discs

90
Q

dendritic endings with CAPSULE found in finger tips sense pressure and slippage of objects along skin

A

ruffini corpuscles

91
Q

found on hairless skin sense dynamic, fine/light touch and position sense

A

meissner corpuscles

92
Q

inflammatory infiltrate in guillan bare syndrome

A

endoneurium

93
Q

layers of peripiheral nerve

A

endoneurium surrounding one nerve fiber-> perineurium (blood nerve permeability -barier that surrounds fasicle of multiple nerve fibers) -> epineurium surrounding entire nervee of fascilcles and blood vessels)

94
Q

reaction of neuronal cell body to axonal injury concurrent with Wallerian degeneration

A

chromatolysis

95
Q

3 characteristics of chromatolysis

A

round cellular swelling
displacement of nucleus to periphery
dispersion of nissl substance throughout cytoplasm

96
Q

where is Ach synthesized

A

basal nucleus of meynert

97
Q

where is GABA made

A

nucleus accumbens

98
Q

where is norepi made

A

locus ceruleus

99
Q

where is serotonin made

A

raphe nucleus

100
Q

where is dopamine made

A

ventral tegmentum and SNc

101
Q

which two meningeal layers are derived form neural crest

A

the two inner ones (arachnoid and pia mater)

102
Q

origin of dura mater

A

mesoderm

103
Q

how o glucose and AAs corss BBB vs nonpolar lipid soluble substances

A

glucose and AAs - slow via carrier mediated transport

nonpolar lipids - rapid via diffusion

104
Q

what specialized brain regions have no BBB to allow molecules to pass to alter brain function

A

OVLT organum vasculosum lmaina terminalis for osmotic sensing, neurohypophsis for neurosecretory products of area psotrea *vomiting after chemo”, responds to emetics

105
Q

what does hypothalamus regulate

A 
TAN HATS
thirst and water balance
adenohypophiss (anterior pit)
neurohypophis (posterior pit)
hunger
autonomic nervous system
temperature
seual urges
106
Q

inputs to hypothalamus (areas not protected by BB)

A

OVLT - osmolarity changes

area postrema - medulla, responds to emetics

107
Q

lateral area of hypothalamus

A

hunger
destruction = anarexia, fialure to thrive
stimulated by ghrelin, inhibited by leptin (do not LEPT me eat)

zap lateral area you shrink laterally

108
Q

venteromedial area of hypothalamus

A

satiety
destruction = hyperphagia…
stimulated by leptin

zap this and you grow ventrally and medailly

109
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

cooling, parasympathetic

A/C air conditioning, anterior cooling

110
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A

heating, sympathetic

zap this and you become cold (poilikotherm)

111
Q

suprachiasmatic nucles

A

circadian rhythm

sleep to be charismatic

112
Q

supraoptic and parventricular nuclei

A

synthesize ADH and oxytocin

carried by neurophysins down axons where these hormones are stored and released

113
Q

circadian rhythm controls nocturnal release of what NTs

A

ACTH, prolactin, melatonin and norepi

114
Q

how is melatonin released

A

SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) -> norepi release -> pineal gland -> melatonin

115
Q

what substances decreased REM and delta wave sleep

A

alcohol, barbituates, benzos and norepi

116
Q

treatment for bedwetting

A

oral desmopressin (ADH analog)

but always try motivational therapy first

117
Q

what to use for nigh terrors and sleepwalking

A

benzos (decrease N3 and REM sleep)

118
Q

stages of sleep

A

awake open eyes, awake eyes closed, nonREM stage N1, n2, n3, REM sleep

119
Q

what waves are assocaited with each stage

A

BATS Drink Blood
beta (highest frequency lowest amplitude)
alpha
theta
sleep spindles, K complexes
delta (loweest frequency, highest amplitude)
beta (REM sleep)

120
Q

what happens to motor tone durign REM

A

loss of motor tone

121
Q

what happens to brain O2 use, variable pulse, BP, and Ach during dreamig

A

all increase

122
Q

how often does REM happen

A

every 90 mins

123
Q

function of thalamus

A

major relay for all ascending SENSORY info except olfaction

124
Q

ventral posterolateral nucleus

A

relay Vibration Pain Pressure Proprioception Light touch, temp from spinothalmuc, dorsal columns to primary somatosensory cortex

125
Q

Ventral posterooMedial nucleu

A

face sensation and taste “make up goes to the face”

126
Q

Lateral geniculate nuclues

A

relays CN II visual informaiton to calcarine sulcus (lateral to light)

127
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

input form superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum to relay AUDIO info to adutiory cortex of temporary lobe (lmedial = music)

128
Q

ventral lateral nucleus

A

relays motor info from basal ganglia to motor cortex

129
Q

5 Fs of limbic system

A

feeding fleeing fighting feeling FUCKING

130
Q

4 dopaminergic pathway abnormaliteis

A

mesocortical, mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, tuberonfundibular

131
Q

mesocortical pathway abnormalities

A

decread activity leads to “negative symptoms”

132
Q

mesolibic abnormalities

A

incresaed activity leads to “positive symptoms” (target for antipsychotics)

133
Q

nigrostriatl abnormalities

A

decreae activity leads to EPS (dystonia, akathisa, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesai) MAJOR DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAY IN BRAIN

134
Q

tueroinfundibular abnormality

A

decreasd activity leads to increaed prolactin and decreased libido…sexual dysfunction galactorrhea gynecomastia

135
Q

which dopaminergic pathway is significantly affectedby movement disorders and antipsychotic drugs

A

nigrostriatal

A_First Aid Random Memorizing (17 decks)

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