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Step 1 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

week heart begins to beat & have upper & lower limb buds

A

week 4

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2
Q

gene involved in CNS development & assoc with holoprosencephaly

A

Sonic hedghog

Feature of holoprosencephaly: hypotelorism (eyes close together)

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3
Q

gene for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis (limb development)

A

Wnt-7

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4
Q

gene for mitosis of underlying mesoderm = lengthens limbs

A

FGF

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5
Q

gene implicated if limbs are in wrong locations

A

Homeobox = Hox

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6
Q

When does hCG secretion begin?

A

implantation of blastocyst = 1 week

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7
Q

neural tube formed from what? closes when?

A

neuroectoderm

by week 4

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8
Q

when do external genitalia show male/female characteristics?

A

week 10

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9
Q

when gastrulation occurs

A

week 3 = 3 layers

ectoderm + mesoderm + endoderm

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10
Q

embryologic derivative of muscle, bone, CT, serous linings of body cavities, lymphatics, blood, wall of gut (muscle?), vagina, kidneys adrenal cortex, dermis, testes, ovaries, nucleus pulposus of IV disc

A

mesoderm

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11
Q

embryologic derivative of gut epithelium, urethra, luminal epithelium of lungs, liver, GB, pancreas, eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells

A

endoderm

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12
Q

teratogen effect of aminoglycosides (gentamycin)

A

CN VIII toxicity (hearing loss)

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13
Q

teratogen that can cause vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma

A

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

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14
Q

teratogen that discolors teeth

A

tetracycline

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15
Q

anticonvulsant that inhibits folate absorption therefore can cause neural tube defects

A

valproate

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16
Q

what medication can be used to avoid blood clots in pregnancy but not cross the placenta

A

heparin

Do not use warfarin because it can cause fetal abortion, hemorrhage, eye & bone abnormalities

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17
Q

excess of this vitamin can cause spont abortion, cleft palate, cardiac abnormalities

A

vit A

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18
Q

forms outer layer of chorionic villi and secretes hCG

A

syncytiotrophoblast

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19
Q

how many umbilical vessels are there? type of blood transported?

A

2 UAs -> low O2
1 UV -> high O2
think of the baby as the heart of mama to remember circulation

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20
Q

duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac

A

urachus

If this stays patent: urine discharge from umbilicus

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21
Q

associated with ectopic gastric mucosa & is from partial closure of vitelline duct

A

Meckel diverticulum

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22
Q

aortic arch derivative that becomes common carotid & proximal internal carotid

A

3rd aortic arch

3rd arch = 3rd letter of alphabet (“c”)

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23
Q

persistent cervical sinus

A

branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck

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24
Q

which branchial arch makes no significant developmental contributions?

A

5th arch

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25
Q 
thymic aplasia (deficiency of T cells)
hypocalcemia (no parathyoid glands)
cardiac defects
A

DiGeorge syndrome

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26
Q

mutation of germline RET gene resulting in the 3 P’s:
pheochromocytoma
parathyroid tumor
parafollicular cell cancer (medullary cancer of thyroid)

A

MEN 2A

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27
Q

from failure of fusion of maxillary & medial nasal prominences

A

cleft lip

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28
Q

from failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes or fusion of the lateral palatine processes with nasal septum and/or median palatine process

A

cleft palate

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29
Q

Gene on Y chromosome that produces testis determining factor (TDF)

A

SRY

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30
Q

develops into internal male structures (SEED): Seminal vesicals, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus Deferens

A

Wolffian duct (mesonephric duct)

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31
Q

embryologic structures that becomes male external genitalia & prostate

A

genital tubercle & urogenital sinus

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32
Q

placenta implants in lower uterus and partially or completely covers the internal os -> requires c-section delivery

A

placenta previa

See a “preview” of the placenta (or can feel it)

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33
Q

What does the placenta normally attach to?

A

decidua

Absence results in placenta accreta -> can’t deliver the placenta since it’s stuck -> hysterectomy

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34
Q

classic presentation: fibrinoid necrosis of the placental vessels

A

preeclampsia

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35
Q

preeclampsia with SEIZURES

A

eclampsia

Must deliver the placenta

36
Q

preeclampsia with thrombotic microangiopathy involving the liver; see schistocytes

A

HELLP syndrome
Hemolysis
Elevated liver enzymes
Low Platelets

37
Q

abnormal implantation with cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of trophoblast; uterus is bigger than normal and beta-hCG is higher than normal

A

hydatidiform mole
see passage of grapelike masses (if no prenatal care)
prenatal care: absent fetal heart sounds & snowstorm appearance on US
Partial Mole: fetal parts
Complete: no fetal parts

38
Q

which mole has greater risk of choriocarcinoma; what would you use to screen?

A

complete mole

level of beta-hCG over the next year after D&C

39
Q

ovarian neoplasm that contains transitional epithelium (bladder type epithelium)

A

Brenner tumor

40
Q

What serum value can be used to monitor progression/recurrence of ovarian neoplasm?

A

CA-125

41
Q

most common germ cell tumor in female

A

mature cystic teratoma

If has immature tissue, then it has potential to mets (neuroectodermal tissue is what is present in the immature)

42
Q

ovarian fibroma, ascites and pleural effusion

A

Meigs syndrome

43
Q

cystic teratoma that contains functional thyroid tissue and presents as hyperthyroidism

A

struma ovarii

44
Q

GI malignancy that mets to ovaries (BILATERAL), causing a mucin-secreting signet ring cell adenocarcinoma

A

Krukenberg tumor

45
Q

intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from tumor of ovary or appendix

A

pseudomyxoma peritonei

46
Q

venous drainage of the gonads

A

left -> left gonadal vein -> left renal vein -> IVC

right -> right gonadal vein -> IVC

47
Q

lymphatic drainage of ovary/testis

A

para-aortic lymph nodes

48
Q

lymphatic drainage of scrotum/vulva

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

49
Q

ligament that contains the ovarian vessels

A

suspensory ligament

50
Q

ligament that is the derivative of the gubernaculum

A

round ligament of the uterus

51
Q

ligament that contains the ovaries, fallopian tubes and round ligaments of the uterus

A

broad ligament

3 parts: mesosalpinx, mesometrium, mesovarium

52
Q

most common area for cervical cancer

A

transformation zone

53
Q

irregular menstruation

A

metrorrhagia

54
Q

heavy menstruation

A

menorrhagia

55
Q

ovulation sequence (hormone)

A

increased estrogen -> increased GnRH receptors on anterior pituitary -> estrogen surge -> stimulation of LH release -> ovulation

56
Q

what elevates body temperature during menstrual cycle

A

progesterone

57
Q

maintains the corpus luteum for the first trimester by acting like LH

A

hCG

58
Q

marker for menopause

A

elevated FSH

loss of negative feedback on FSH by estrogen (through GnRH)

59
Q

causes closure of epiphyseal plates

A

estrogen (converted from testosterone in males)

60
Q

appears female: female external genitalia, short vagina that ends in blind pouch, absent uterus & fallopian tubes, scant sexual hair, undescended testes

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome

61
Q

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; defective migration of GnRH cells and formation of olfactory bulb, decreased GnRH LH & FSH, anosmia, infertility

A

Kallmann syndrome

62
Q

hypertension and proteinuria in pregnancy (after 20 weeks gestation up to 6 weeks postpartum)

A

preeclampsia

63
Q

HPV gene product that inhibits p53 suppressor gene

A

E6

64
Q

HPV gene product that inhibits RB tumor suppressor gene

A

E7

65
Q

causes of endometrial hyperplasia

A

anovulatory cycles, HRT, PCOS, granulosa cell tumor

66
Q

hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia (insulin & testosterone decrease SHBG synth therefore increased free testosterone)
Presents with amenorrhea (oligomenorrhea), hirsutism, acne, infertility, obesity; LH:FSH > 2 (FSH is shut down because of feedback of peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen)

A

polycystic ovarian syndrome

have increased risk of endometrial cancer from increased estrogens from aromatization of testosterone

67
Q

location of highest density of breast tissue in a female

A

upper outer quadrant

68
Q

breast tumor with large leaf-like projections; most commonly presents in 6th decade

A

phyllodes tumor

69
Q

treatment of BPH

A

alpha1 antagonists: terazosin, tamsulosin (selective for receptors in prostate vs vascular)
5 alpha reductase inhibitor: finasteride

70
Q

Why is varicocele more common in left testicle?

A

increased resistance to flow from left gonadal vein drainage into left renal vein

71
Q

difference in mature teratoma in males from one in females

A

may be malignant

72
Q

associated with priapism

A

trauma, sickle cell anemia, medications

73
Q

tumor associated with Reinke crystals

A

Leydig cell tumor

74
Q

nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of androgens at testosterone receptor

A

flutamide

75
Q

warm, enlarged breast with purulent nipple discharge in breastfeeding female: treatment & dx?

A

mastitis

dicloxacillin & continue breastfeeding

76
Q

subareolar mass with nipple retraction

A

periductal mastitis

  • usually from keratinization of cells blocking duct
  • columnar cells converted to squamous due to Vit A deficiency in smoking
77
Q

inflammation with green-brown nipple discharge

A

mammary duct ectasia

78
Q

causes calcification on mammogram

see giant cells

A

fat necrosis (from saponification)

79
Q

causes downregulation of GnRH receptors in pituitary when given continuously therefore decreased FSH/LH

A

leuprolide

Use: prostate cancer

80
Q

antagonizes estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus to prevent normal feedback inhibition -> increases LH & FSH release from pituitary -> ovulation

A

clomiphene

81
Q

used to treat ER+ breast cancer: antagonist at breast tissue but agonist at bone and uterus, increasing risk of endometrial cancer

A

tamoxifen

82
Q

osteoporosis drug that is an agonist at bone, antagonist at uterus

A

raloxifene

83
Q

inhibits 17 hydroxylase in steroid synthesis; causes gynecomastia

A

spironolactone

84
Q

5 alpha reductase inhibitor used for BPH

A

finasteride

85
Q

Virilization of mother during pregnancy due to placental transfer of excess androgens from fetus to mom
Maculinization of female fetus

A

Aromatase deficiency

Step 1 (19 decks)

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