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Step 1 > Phase A/ Biochem > Flashcards

Phase A/ Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Why do mycoplasma and chlamydia stain poorly?

A

no peptidoglycan

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2
Q

What mediates endotoxin activity of LPS?

A

Lipid A

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3
Q

which bacteria form spores?

A

gram + only

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4
Q

polyenes with broad antifungal activity

bind to membrane sterols (ergosterol) and causes membrane disruption by acting as a pore

A

amphotericin B
nystatin
Use (amphotericin B): invasive fungal infections -> Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus,

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5
Q

prevent ergosterol synthesis by inhibition of 14-alpha-demethylase

A 
"azoles"
voriconazole
itraconazole
fluconazole
terconazole
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6
Q

systemic imidazole antifungal that inhibits CYP3A4

A

ketoconazole
Many drug interactions
at high dose, inhibits adrenal steroid biosynthesis

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7
Q

antifungal that disrupts mitotic spindles and is used for hair, nails and skin infections

A

Griseofulvin

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8
Q

inhibits squalene epoxidase, causing decreased ergosterol and increased squalene (toxic to fungus)

A

terbinafine (Lamisil)*
buenafine
naftifine
tolnaftate (Tinactin)

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9
Q

inhibits synthesis of beta(1,3)-D-glucan

A

caspofungin*
micafungin
anidulafungin

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10
Q

converted to 5-FU in fungal cells and phosphorylated to 5-FdUMP to inhibit thymidylate synthase; also disrupts protein synthesis when incorporated in to RNA

A

flucytosine

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11
Q

antiviral agent resistance mechanism

A

mutation in viral thymidine kinase

viral nucleoside analogs require activation by viral thymidine kinase.

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12
Q

sources of acid in the blood

A 
sulfuric acid -> dietary sulfate, s-containing amino acids
carbonic acid -> CO2 from TCA
lactic acid -> anaerobic glycolysis
pyruvic acid -> glycolysis
citric acid -> TCA & diet
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13
Q

what cells have high levels of carbonic anhydrase?

A

RBCs

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14
Q

charge of DNA

charge of histone

A

negative

positive (due to lysine & arginine)

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15
Q

histone not in nucleosome core

A

H1

2A, 2B, H3, H4 all in nucleosome core

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16
Q

highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive

A

heterochromatin

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17
Q

transcriptionally active

A

euchromatin

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18
Q

methylation here represses transcription

A

CpG islands

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19
Q

location of ETC

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

The cristae increase the SA of the IMM

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20
Q

purines

A

adenine

guanine

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21
Q

pyrimadines

A

cytosine
uracil
thymine

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22
Q

template for mRNA synthesis

A

sense strand

23
Q

smooth ER in skeletal muscle

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

site of lipid synthesis & is more abundant in cells which synthesize hormones

A

smooth ER

25
Q

adds carbohydrates & lipids to proteins from RER

A

Golgi apparatus

26
Q

protein structure characterized by large number of H-bonds

A

beta pleated sheet

27
Q

synthesized from thiamine
chelates Mg2+ which then binds tightly to enzyme
Fxn: decarboxylation of alpha keto acids and utilization of pentose phosphates in Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

TPP

thiamine pyrophosphate

28
Q

coenzyme that bind to lysines in carboxylases

A

biotin

29
Q

from panthothenate

forms thioesters with acyl groups

A

CoASH

30
Q

from vit B6

reactive aldehyde that forms covalent intermediate with amino groups of Schiff bases

A

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

31
Q

coenzyme from niacin & ATP

A

NAD+

32
Q

bind irreversibly to active site on enzyme and inhibit it

A

suicide inhibitors

33
Q

concentration of substrate to reach 1/2 Vmax

A

Km

34
Q

regulatory protein of the Ca2+ ATPase of the ER

A

calmodulin
the Ca2+ ATPase is activated to pump calcium from the cytosol into the lumen of the ER when a rise in intracellular concentration causes calcium binding to calmodulin, followed by its dissociation from the transporter

35
Q

cAMP-regulated chloride channel

A

CFTR

36
Q

integral membrane receptors which recognize lysosomal enzymes in the Golgi

A

mannose 6-phosphate receptors

37
Q

B3

A

niacin

NAD+

38
Q

B2

A

riboflavin

FAD, FMN

39
Q

B1

A

thiamine

TPP

40
Q

B5

A

pantothenic acid

CoA

41
Q

B6

A

pyridoxine

PLP

42
Q

B7

A

biotin

43
Q

B9

A

folate

44
Q

B12

A

cobalamin

45
Q

vit C

A

ascorbic acid

46
Q

vitamin used to treat measles and AML (M3)
antioxidant
essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells
visual pigments

A

vitamin A = retinol
Deficiency causes night blindness, dry, scaly skin, alopecia, keratomalacia, immune suppression.
Excess: arthralgia, scaly skin, alopecia, cerebral edema, pseudotumor cerebri, osteoporosis, hepatic abnormalities; TERATOGEN

47
Q 
cofactor for:
pyruvate dehydrogenase (glycolysis -> TCA)
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA)
transketolase (HMP shunt)
branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
A

thiamine (B1)

Dx deficiency: increased RBC transketolase activity after giving B1

48
Q

damage to medial dorsal nuclei of thalamus/mamillary bodies
confusion, ataxia, confabulation, personality change
permanent memory loss
vitamin B1 def

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

49
Q

causes beriberi

A

thiamine deficiency
dry beriberi: polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting
wet beriberi: high output cardiac failure, edema

50
Q

cofactor for redox reactions (ex: succinate dehydrogenase reaction in TCA)
cheilosis, corneal vascularization

A

riboflavin (B2)
FAD & FMN
“flav-o-flav has 2 gold teeth, smooth lips and drinks beri soda”

51
Q

Diarrhea, Dementia, Dermatitis (3 D’s)

Glossitis

A

niacin (B3)

pellagra

52
Q

cofactor for acyl transfers (CoA) & fatty acid synthase

A

pantothenate (B5)

“pento”thenate

53
Q

Cofactor for carboxylase reactions

A

Biotin

54
Q

Coenzyme synthesized from niacin and ATP

A

NAD

Step 1 (19 decks)

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