Micro Flashcards by Melanie Bray

gram positive cell membrane component that induces IL-1 and TNF

lipoteichoic acid

teichoic acids trigger Gram positive shock as the cell wall is broken down -> fever, shock, DIC

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gram negative major surface antigen that induces IL-1 and TNF

LPS = lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) -> Lipid A

O polysaccaride is the antigen

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bacteremia
endocarditis
IMPETIGO
abscesses
carbuncles
FOOD POISONING
TOXIC SHOCK syndrome
Pneumonia

staph aureus

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septicemia
endocarditis
wound infections
gram positive opportunist

staph epidermidis

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UTI in newly sexually active young women

gram +

staph saprophyticus

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gram + rod
normal oral flora & female genital tract
causes jaw abscesses with dental manipulation
drains by sinus tracts with yellow sulfur granules

Actinomyces

Tx: PCN

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gram + bacillus
cutaneous (local), pulmonary (systemic), & oral/GI infections (local)
PA = protective antigen
EF = edema factor
LF = lethal factor -> inactivates MAP kinase -> cell death
PA + EF = Edema toxin
PA + LF = Lethal toxin (LT)
LT is more rapidly fatal
spores in dry soil or skins/coats of herbivores
*widened mediastinum from hemorrhage of thoracic lymph nodes in inhalation infection
cutaneous: ulcer with black eschar -> painless & necrotic

Bacillus anthracis

Tx: doxycyclin or ciprofloxacin

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gram + rod
spore on rice cooked below boiling
nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea (non-bloody)

Bacillus cereus
Tx: symptoms -> self-limiting
Board scenario: eating reheated fried rice

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gram neg rod in oral flora of CATS
Causes bacillary angiomatosis (AIDS patient)
& cat-scratch disease (localized lymphadenopathy)

Bartonella henselae

Tx for bacillary angiomatosis: erythromycin or doxycycline

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mediates adherence to indwelling catheters

glycocalyx

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no cell wall but contain sterols

mycoplasma

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gram neg rod
respiratory droplet spread
submucosal inflammation
Tracheal cytotoxin kills ciliated epithelial cells -> cough
whooping cough
3 stages to illness; tx with macrolides in catarrhal stage (runny nose, mild cough)
1. catarrhal (1-2 weeks)
2. paroxysmal stage (1-6 weeks) coughing +vomit
3. convalescent stage -> neuro damage or death

Bordatella pertussis
Vaccines:
DTap
Tdap -> booster

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What stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides?

PAS

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used to stain Cryptococcus neoformans

India ink

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stain for fungi

Silver stain

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Acid-fast organisms stain

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)

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stains Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

Giemsa

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agar used to grow fungi

Sabouraud

“Sab’s a fun guy!”

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aerobe seen in burn wounds, complications of diabetes, nosocomial pneumonia & CF pneumonias

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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spirochete transmitted by Ixodes tick
Reservoir: mice
Intermediate host: white-tailed deer
bulls-eye rash
causes Lyme disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Symptoms: FAKE
Facial nerve palsy
Arthritis
Kardiac block (AV block)
Erythema migrans = bulls-eye rash
Tx: doxycycline/ceftriaxone

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Where are anaerobes normal flora?

GI tract

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encapsulated bacteria

SHiNE SKiS
Strep pneumoniae
H flu
Neisseria meningitidis
E coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
group B Strep

patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (NADPH deficiency) have recurrent infections with what type of organisms?

catalase +
Catalase degrades H2O2 before it can be converted by myeloperoxidase (bacteriocidal)
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E coli
S aureus
Serratia

gold pigment-producing bacteria

S “aureus” mean gold

produces blue-green pigment

pseudomonas

produces red pigment

serratia marcescens | "think maraschino cherry"

location of genes for EXOtoxins

plasmid or bacteriophage | Ex: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

overactivates adenylate cyclase by disabling Gi

B pertussis

MOA: bind to 30s ribosomal subunit and prevent tRNA from binding to the A site Used to treat Lyme disease, bacillary angiomatosis, anthrax

doxycycline = TETRACYCLINE Adverse: photosensitivity, teeth discoloration Other: minocycline

comma-shaped gram neg rod most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in US fecal-oral transmission dogs contaminated meat watery foul-smelling diarrhea that becomes BLOODY

Campylobacter jejuni commonly precedes GBS & reactive arthritis

"can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree" | rarely occurs with chlamydia infection

Reiter syndrome = reactive arthritis triad

treatment for chlamydia

azithromycin or doxycycline BUT *** add ceftriaxone for gonorrhea treat both partners

neonatal infections from chlamydia

conjunctivitis | pneumonia

Shiga-like toxin -> causes HUS

E coli (EHEC) 0157:H7 strain

dysentery | toxin causes enhanced cytokine release causing HUS

Shigella spp | toxin is Shiga toxin

pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat & severe lymphadenopathy

Corynebacterium diphtheriae | toxin is diphtheria toxin

watery diarrhea from heat-Labile toxin (LT) and heat-Stable toxin (ST)

ETEC = Enterotoxigenic E coli

spasticity, risus sardonicus, "lockjaw"; | toxin prevents release of GABA & glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord (inhibitory NTs)

Clostridium tetani | Toxin: tetanospasmin

Floppy baby | flaccid paralysis from toxin preventing release of ACh at NMJ

Clostridium botulinum | Toxin: botulinum toxin

``` most common cause of Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Sinusitis ```

Streptococcus pneumoniae lancet-shaped diplococci capsule

resistant to optochin live in mouth produces dextrans which form fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves

strep sanguinis

major player in dental plaque | produces acid from carbohydrate fermentation -> allows invasion -> endocarditis

strep mutans

pharyngitis, Impetigo, Scarlet fever, necrotizing faciitis, Rheumatic fever

``` Strep pyogenes (group A strep) Note: impetigo commonly precedes glomerulonephritis ```

cold agglutinins requires cholesterol for growth walking pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Gram positive rods (4)

``` Clostridium corynebacterium Listeria Bacillus Mycobacterium (acid-fast) ```

test done for group B strep

CAMP test

colonize the gut can grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile nosocomial infection is vancomycin resistant

Enterococci = Group D strep | gamma hemolytic = no hemolysis

focal accumulations of virions or viral gene products

inclusion bodies

viruses replicate in the nucleus

DNA viruses

viruses replicate in the cytoplasm

RNA viruses

vesicular lesions of hands, feet, mouth & tongue mild febrile illness painful swallowing and vomiting

coxsackievirus A | The B virus can cause myocarditis and pleurodynia (devil's grip)

negative monospot test sore throat hepatitis generalized lymphadenopathy

CMV | Most typical cause of mononucleosis is EBV. Will see + monospot test in those patients.

Virulence factor for mycobacteria

Cord factor Allows to form rope like cords which means that it can cause disease It is two mycolic acids attached to trehalose