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Step 1 > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

gram positive cell membrane component that induces IL-1 and TNF

A

lipoteichoic acid

teichoic acids trigger Gram positive shock as the cell wall is broken down -> fever, shock, DIC

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2
Q

gram negative major surface antigen that induces IL-1 and TNF

A

LPS = lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) -> Lipid A

O polysaccaride is the antigen

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3
Q 
bacteremia
endocarditis
IMPETIGO
abscesses
carbuncles
FOOD POISONING
TOXIC SHOCK syndrome
Pneumonia
A

staph aureus

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4
Q

septicemia
endocarditis
wound infections
gram positive opportunist

A

staph epidermidis

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5
Q

UTI in newly sexually active young women

gram +

A

staph saprophyticus

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6
Q

gram + rod
normal oral flora & female genital tract
causes jaw abscesses with dental manipulation
drains by sinus tracts with yellow sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces

Tx: PCN

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7
Q

gram + bacillus
cutaneous (local), pulmonary (systemic), & oral/GI infections (local)
PA = protective antigen
EF = edema factor
LF = lethal factor -> inactivates MAP kinase -> cell death
PA + EF = Edema toxin
PA + LF = Lethal toxin (LT)
LT is more rapidly fatal
spores in dry soil or skins/coats of herbivores
*widened mediastinum from hemorrhage of thoracic lymph nodes in inhalation infection
cutaneous: ulcer with black eschar -> painless & necrotic

A

Bacillus anthracis

Tx: doxycyclin or ciprofloxacin

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8
Q

gram + rod
spore on rice cooked below boiling
nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea (non-bloody)

A

Bacillus cereus
Tx: symptoms -> self-limiting
Board scenario: eating reheated fried rice

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9
Q

gram neg rod in oral flora of CATS
Causes bacillary angiomatosis (AIDS patient)
& cat-scratch disease (localized lymphadenopathy)

A

Bartonella henselae

Tx for bacillary angiomatosis: erythromycin or doxycycline

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10
Q

mediates adherence to indwelling catheters

A

glycocalyx

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11
Q

no cell wall but contain sterols

A

mycoplasma

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12
Q

gram neg rod
respiratory droplet spread
submucosal inflammation
Tracheal cytotoxin kills ciliated epithelial cells -> cough
whooping cough
3 stages to illness; tx with macrolides in catarrhal stage (runny nose, mild cough)
1. catarrhal (1-2 weeks)
2. paroxysmal stage (1-6 weeks) coughing +vomit
3. convalescent stage -> neuro damage or death

A

Bordatella pertussis
Vaccines:
DTap
Tdap -> booster

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13
Q

What stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides?

A

PAS

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14
Q

used to stain Cryptococcus neoformans

A

India ink

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15
Q

stain for fungi

A

Silver stain

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16
Q

Acid-fast organisms stain

A

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)

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17
Q

stains Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium

A

Giemsa

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18
Q

agar used to grow fungi

A

Sabouraud

“Sab’s a fun guy!”

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19
Q

aerobe seen in burn wounds, complications of diabetes, nosocomial pneumonia & CF pneumonias

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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20
Q 
spirochete transmitted by Ixodes tick
Reservoir: mice
Intermediate host: white-tailed deer
bulls-eye rash
causes Lyme disease
A

Borrelia burgdorferi

Symptoms: FAKE
Facial nerve palsy
Arthritis
Kardiac block (AV block)
Erythema migrans = bulls-eye rash
Tx: doxycycline/ceftriaxone
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21
Q

Where are anaerobes normal flora?

A

GI tract

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22
Q

encapsulated bacteria

A 
SHiNE SKiS
Strep pneumoniae
H flu
Neisseria meningitidis
E coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
group B Strep
23
Q

patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (NADPH deficiency) have recurrent infections with what type of organisms?

A 
catalase +
Catalase degrades H2O2 before it can be converted by myeloperoxidase (bacteriocidal)
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
Candida
E coli
S aureus
Serratia
24
Q

gold pigment-producing bacteria

A

S “aureus” mean gold

25
Q

produces blue-green pigment

A

pseudomonas

26
Q

produces red pigment

A

serratia marcescens

“think maraschino cherry”

27
Q

location of genes for EXOtoxins

A

plasmid or bacteriophage

Ex: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria

28
Q

overactivates adenylate cyclase by disabling Gi

A

B pertussis

29
Q

MOA: bind to 30s ribosomal subunit and prevent tRNA from binding to the A site
Used to treat Lyme disease, bacillary angiomatosis, anthrax

A

doxycycline = TETRACYCLINE
Adverse: photosensitivity, teeth discoloration
Other: minocycline

30
Q

comma-shaped gram neg rod
most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in US
fecal-oral transmission
dogs
contaminated meat
watery foul-smelling diarrhea that becomes BLOODY

A

Campylobacter jejuni

commonly precedes GBS & reactive arthritis

31
Q

“can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree”

rarely occurs with chlamydia infection

A

Reiter syndrome = reactive arthritis triad

32
Q

treatment for chlamydia

A

azithromycin or doxycycline
BUT *** add ceftriaxone for gonorrhea
treat both partners

33
Q

neonatal infections from chlamydia

A

conjunctivitis

pneumonia

34
Q

Shiga-like toxin -> causes HUS

A

E coli (EHEC) 0157:H7 strain

35
Q

dysentery

toxin causes enhanced cytokine release causing HUS

A

Shigella spp

toxin is Shiga toxin

36
Q

pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat & severe lymphadenopathy

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

toxin is diphtheria toxin

37
Q

watery diarrhea from heat-Labile toxin (LT) and heat-Stable toxin (ST)

A

ETEC = Enterotoxigenic E coli

38
Q

spasticity, risus sardonicus, “lockjaw”;

toxin prevents release of GABA & glycine from Renshaw cells in spinal cord (inhibitory NTs)

A

Clostridium tetani

Toxin: tetanospasmin

39
Q

Floppy baby

flaccid paralysis from toxin preventing release of ACh at NMJ

A

Clostridium botulinum

Toxin: botulinum toxin

40
Q 
most common cause of 
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

lancet-shaped diplococci
capsule

41
Q

resistant to optochin
live in mouth
produces dextrans which form fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves

A

strep sanguinis

42
Q

major player in dental plaque

produces acid from carbohydrate fermentation -> allows invasion -> endocarditis

A

strep mutans

43
Q

pharyngitis, Impetigo, Scarlet fever, necrotizing faciitis, Rheumatic fever

A 
Strep pyogenes (group A strep)
Note: impetigo commonly precedes glomerulonephritis
44
Q

cold agglutinins
requires cholesterol for growth
walking pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

45
Q

Gram positive rods (4)

A 
Clostridium
corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus
Mycobacterium (acid-fast)
46
Q

test done for group B strep

A

CAMP test

47
Q

colonize the gut
can grow in 6.5% NaCl and bile
nosocomial infection is vancomycin resistant

A

Enterococci = Group D strep

gamma hemolytic = no hemolysis

48
Q

focal accumulations of virions or viral gene products

A

inclusion bodies

49
Q

viruses replicate in the nucleus

A

DNA viruses

50
Q

viruses replicate in the cytoplasm

A

RNA viruses

51
Q

vesicular lesions of hands, feet, mouth & tongue
mild febrile illness
painful swallowing and vomiting

A

coxsackievirus A

The B virus can cause myocarditis and pleurodynia (devil’s grip)

52
Q

negative monospot test
sore throat
hepatitis
generalized lymphadenopathy

A

CMV

Most typical cause of mononucleosis is EBV. Will see + monospot test in those patients.

53
Q

Virulence factor for mycobacteria

A

Cord factor
Allows to form rope like cords which means that it can cause disease
It is two mycolic acids attached to trehalose

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