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Step 1 > Rapid Review & Other Quick Facts > Flashcards

Rapid Review & Other Quick Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Autoantibody to ACh receptor

A

myasthenia gravis

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2
Q

Autoantibody to basement membrane

A

Goodpasture syndrome

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3
Q

Autoantibody to cardiolipin

lupus anticoagulant

A

SLE

antiphospholipid syndrome

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4
Q

autoantibody to centromere

A

limited scleroderma (CREST syndrome)

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5
Q

autoantibody to desmoglein

A

Pemphigus vulgaris

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6
Q

anti-dsDNA

anti-Smith

A

SLE

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7
Q

anti-glutamate decarboxylase

A

Type I DM

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8
Q

anti-hemidesmosome

A

bullous pemphigoid

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9
Q

antihistone

A

drug-induced lupus

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10
Q

Anti-Jo-1
anti-SRP
anti-Mi-2

A

polymyositis -> no skin involvement
dermatomyositis -> have lilac eyelids/skin involvement
both have increased risk of visceral cancers
CD8 T cells in muscle & blood vessels

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11
Q

antimicrosomal

antithyroglobulin

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

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12
Q

antimitochondrial

A

primary biliary cirrhosis

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13
Q

antinuclear antibodies

A

SLE, nonspecific

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14
Q

Anti-Scl-70 (anti-DNA topo I) antibodies

A

scleroderma (diffuse)

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15
Q

Anti-smooth muscle antibodies

A

autoimmune hepatitis

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16
Q

Anti-SSA

Anti-SSB (anti-Ro, anti-La)

A

Sjogren syndrome

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17
Q

Anti-TSH receptor

A

Graves disease

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18
Q

anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)

A

mixed connective tissue disease

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19
Q

c-ANCA (PR3-ANCA)

A

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener)

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20
Q

IgA antiendomysial

IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase

A

celiac disease

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21
Q

p-ANCA (MPO-ANCA)

A

microscopic polyangiitis

Churg-Strauss syndrome

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22
Q 
Rheumatoid factor (mostly IgM specific to IgG Fc region)
anti-CCP
A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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23
Q

the effects of the body on the drug

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

A

pharmacokinetics

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24
Q

the effects of the drug on the body

Potency, Toxicity, Efficacy

A

pharmacodynamics

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25
Q

drugs that have High volume of distribution are

A

small lipophilic molecules

Tissue compartment: all tissues including fat

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26
Q

How many half-lives does it take for a drug to reach steady state if continuously infused?

A

4-5 half-lives

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27
Q

Have zero-order elimination

A

aspirin
alcohol
phenytoin

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28
Q

maximal effect a drug can produce

A

efficacy

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29
Q

amount of drug needed for a given effect

A

potency

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30
Q

prevents release of NT at all cholinergic terminals

A

botulinum toxin

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31
Q

part of the sympathetic nervous system but are innervated by cholinergic fibers

A

adrenal medulla

sweat glands

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32
Q

abdominal pain
ascites
hepatomegaly

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

posthepatic venous thrombosis

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33
Q

Achilles tendon xanthoma

A

familial hypercholesterolemia

decreased LDL signaling

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34
Q

Adrenal hemorrhage
hypotension
DIC

A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

meningococcemia

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35
Q

Anterior “drawer sign” +

A

anterior cruciate ligament injury

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36
Q

Arachnodactyly
lens dislocation
aortic dissection
hyperflexible joints

A 
Marfan syndrome
(fibrillin defect)
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37
Q

Athlete with polycythemia

A

secondary to EPO injection

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38
Q

back pain
fever
night sweats
weight loss

A

Pott disease

vertebral TB

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39
Q

bilateral hilar adenopathy

uveitis

A

sarcoidosis

noncaseating granulomas

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40
Q

blue sclera

A 
osteogenesis imperfecta
(type I collagen defect)
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41
Q

bluish line on gingiva

A

Burton line

lead poisoning

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42
Q

bone pain
bone enlargement
arthritis

A

Paget disease of bone

(increased osteoblastic & osteoclastic activity

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43
Q

bounding pulses
diastolic heart murmur
head bobbing

A

aortic regurgitation

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44
Q

butterfly facial rash &

Raynaud phenomenon in a young female

A

SLE

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45
Q 
cafe-au-lait spots
Lisch nidules (iris hamartoma)
A

NF I

+ pheochromotcytoma, optic gliomas

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46
Q

cafe-au-lait spots
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
precocious puberty
multiple endocrine abnormalities

A

McCune-Albright syndrome

mosaic G protein signaling mutation

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47
Q

calf pseudohypertrophy

A

muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne): X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene

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48
Q

Cherry-red spots on macula

A

Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation)
Neimann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation)
central retinal artery occlusion

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49
Q

chest pain
pericardial effusion/friction rub
persistent fever following MI

A 
Dressler syndrome
(autoimmune-mediated post MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after episode)
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50
Q

child uses arms to stand up from squat

A

Gowers sign

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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51
Q

child with fever later develops rash on face that spreads to body

A

“slapped cheeks”

erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19

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52
Q

chorea
dementia
caudate degeneration

A 
Huntingdon disease
(AD; CAG repeat expansion)
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53
Q

chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria

A 
McArdle disease
(muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
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54
Q

cold intolerance

A

hypothyroidism

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55
Q

conjugate lateral gaze palsy

horizontal diplopia

A 
internuclear ophthlamoplegia
(damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis], unilateral stroke)
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56
Q

continuous “machine-like” murmur

A

PDA

close with indomethacin; open or maintain with misoprostol

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57
Q

cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition

A

myxedema

caused by hypothyroidism, Graves disease [pretibial]

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58
Q

dark purple skin/mouth nodules in a patient with AIDS

A

Kaposi sarcoma, associated with HHV-8

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59
Q

deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation

A

Kussmaul respirations (diabetic ketoacidosis)

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60
Q

dermatitis
dementia
diarrhea

A

Pellagra

niacin [B3] deficiency

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61
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy
edema
alcoholism or malnutrition

A 
Web beriberi
(thiamine [B1] deficiency)
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62
Q

dog or cat bite resulting in infection

A

Pasteurella multocida

cellulitis at inoculation site

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63
Q

dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis

A 
Sjogren syndrome
(autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
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64
Q

dysphagia (esophageal webs)
glossitis
iron deficiency anemia

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

may progress to squamous cell carcinoma

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65
Q

elastic skin

hypermobility of joints

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

type III collagen defect

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66
Q

enlarged hard supraclavicular node

A 
Virchow node
(abdominal metastasis)
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67
Q

erythroderma
lymphadenopathy
hepatosplenomegaly
atypical T cells

A 
Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma)
Sezary syndrome (mycosis fungoides + malignant T cells in blood)
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68
Q

Facial muscle spasm upon tapping

A

Chvostek sign

hypocalcemia

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69
Q

Fat, female, 40 and fertile

A

cholelithiasis

gallstones

70
Q

fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis

A

Jerische-Herxheimer reaction

rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release

71
Q

Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash

A

measles

72
Q

Fever, night sweats, weight loss

A

B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma

73
Q

Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis

A

Peyronie disease

connective tissue disorder

74
Q

gout
intellectual disability
self-mutilating behavior in a boy

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive

75
Q

Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis

A

Peyronie disease

connective tissue disorder

76
Q

gout
intellectual disability
self-mutilating behavior in a boy

A

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive

77
Q

green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea

A

Kayser-Fleischer rings

copper accumulation from Wilson disease

78
Q

Hamartomatous GI polyps

hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands

A

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction; increased cancer risk, mainly GI

79
Q

hepatosplenomegaly
osteoporosis
neurologic symptoms

A 
Gaucher disease
(glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
80
Q

hereditary nephritis
sensorineural hearing loss
cataracts

A

Alport syndrome

mutation in collagen IV

81
Q

hyperphagia
hypersexuality
hyperorality
hyperdocility

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

bilateral amygdala lesion

82
Q

hyperreflexia
hypertonia
Babinski present

A

UMN damage

83
Q

hyporeflexia
hypotonia
atrophy
fasciculations

A

LMN damage

84
Q

hypoxemia
polycythemia
hypercapnia

A

Blue Bloater

chronic bronchitis; hyperplasia of mucous cells

85
Q

indurated, ulcerated genital lesion

A 
nonpainful chancre (primary syphilis, T pallidum)
Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
86
Q

infant with a cleft lip/palate
microcephaly or holoprosencephaly
polydactyly
cutis aplasia

A

Patau syndrome

trisomy 13

87
Q

infant with failure to thrive
hepatosplenomegaly
neurodegeneration

A

Niemann-Pick disease

genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency

88
Q

infant with hypoglycemia
failure to thrive
hepatosplenomegaly

A

Cori disease
(debranching enzyme deficiency)
Von Gierke disease
(glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency, more severe)

89
Q 
beta amyloid deposited in the brain
neurofibrillary tangles (tau protein -> normally aids assembly of microtubules)
A

Alzheimer disease

90
Q

infant with microcephaly
rocker-bottom feet
clenched hands
structural heart defect

A

Edwards syndrome

trisomy 18

91
Q

jaundice

palpable distended nontender gallbladder

A 
Courvoisier sign
(distal obstruction of biliary tree)
92
Q

large rash with Bull’s-eye appearance

A

Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite

Lyme disease: Borrelia

93
Q

Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury

A

epidural hematoma

middle meningeal artery rupture

94
Q

male child
recurrent infections
no mature B cells

A

Bruton disease

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

95
Q

mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time

A 
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
(defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
96
Q

muffled heart sounds
distended neck veins
hypotension

A

Beck triad of cardiac tamponade

97
Q

multiple colon polyps
osteomas/soft tissue tumors
impacted supernumerary teeth

A 
Gardner syndrome
(subtype of FAP)
98
Q

myopathy
(infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
exercise intolerance

A 
Pompe disease
(lysosomal alpha-1,4 glucosidase deficiency)
99
Q

substitution of glutamate (charged) for valine (noncharged) in beta subunit of hemoglobin

A

Sickle cell

100
Q

neonate with arm paralysis following a difficult birth

A

Erb-Duchenne palsy

superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: “waiter’s tip”

101
Q

no lactation postpartum
absent menstruation
cold intolerance

A

Sheehan syndrome

pituitary infarction

102
Q

nystagmus
intention tremor
scanning speech
bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

Multiple sclerosis

103
Q

oscillating slow/fast breathing

A

Cheyne-Stokes respirations

central apnea in CHF or increased ICP

104
Q

painful blue fingers/toes

hemolytic anemia

A

Cold agglutinin disease

autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma penumoniae, infectious mononucleosis

105
Q

painful pale cold fingers/toes

A

Raynaud phenomenon

vasospasm in extremities

106
Q

painful raised red lesions on pad of fingers/toes

A 
Osler nodes
(infective endocarditis, immune complex deposition)
107
Q

painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles

A 
Janeway lesions
(infective endocarditis, septic emboli/microabscesses)
108
Q

painless jaundice

A

cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing the bile duct

109
Q

palpable purpura on buttocks/legs
joint pain
abdominal pain (in child)
hematuria

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys

110
Q

pancreatic, parathyroid and pituitary tumors

A

MEN1 (AD)

111
Q

Anti-Jo1 antibodies are specific
ANA + in many cases
Muscle weakness

A

Dermatomyositis

112
Q

periorbital and/or peripheral edema
proteinuria
hypoalbuminemia
hypercholesterolemia

A

nephrotic syndrome

113
Q

pink complexion
dyspnea
hyperventilation

A

“pink puffer”

emphysema: centriacinar [smoking], panacinar [alpha1AT deficiency]

114
Q 
polyuria
renal tubular necrosis type II
growth failure
electrolyte imbalances
hypophosphatemic rickets
A 
Fanconi syndrome
(proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
115
Q

pruritic purple polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P’s)

A

Lichen planus

116
Q

ptosis
miosis
anhidrosis

A

Horner syndrome

sympathetic chain lesion

117
Q

pupil accommodates but doesn’t react

A

Argyll Robertson pupil

neurosyphilis

118
Q

rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends following GI/URI

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

119
Q

Rash on palms & soles

A

Rocky Mtn spotted fever
coxsackie A
secondary syphilis

120
Q

recurrent colds
unusual eczema
high serum IgE

A

Hyper-IgE syndrome

Job syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality

121
Q

red “current jelly” sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

122
Q

red “current jelly” stools

A

acute mesenteric ischemia (adults)

intussusception (infants)

123
Q

red itchy swollen rash of nipple/areola

A

Paget disease of the breast

sign of underlying neoplasm

124
Q

red urine in the morning

fragile RBCs

A

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

125
Q

renal cell carcinoma (bilateral)
hemangioblastomas
angiomatosis
pheochromocytoma

A 
VHL disease
(dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
126
Q

resting tremor
rigidity
akinesia
postural instability

A 
Parkinson disease
(nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)
127
Q

retinal hemorrhages with pale centers

A 
Roth spots
(bacterial endocarditis)
128
Q

severe jaundice in neonate

A

Crigler-Najjar syndrome

congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

129
Q

Severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ

A

Rovsing sign

acute appendicitis

130
Q

severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness

A

McBurney sign

acute appendicitis

131
Q

ectopic production of EPO

A

renal cell carcinoma

hepatocellular carcinoma

132
Q

locations of extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

liver & spleen

this produces hepatosplenomegaly

133
Q

pulmonary valve flow murmur

A

anemia

134
Q

hyperchromasia (lack central pallor)

increased MCHC

A

hereditary spherocytosis

135
Q

increased unconjugated bilirubin in the blood

A

heme degradation by macrophages

136
Q

location of stored iron (as ferritin and hemosiderin)

A

macrophages in bone marrow

137
Q

master regulator of iron

A

hepcidin

138
Q

level of unconjugated bilirubin required to produce visible evidence of jaundice

A

> 2.5 mg/dL

139
Q

Why does paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria occur at night?

A

resp acidosis at night enhances attachment of complement to RBCs, neutrophils and platelets

140
Q

transient anemia in child with measles, mumps, flu & chickenpox
association with syphilis
fixation of complement at cold temps
red to brown urine

A

paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

bithermal antibody

141
Q

Anti-CCP antibodies

Anti-cycliccitrullinated peptide

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

142
Q

short stature
increased incidence of tumors/leukemia
aplastic anemia

A

Fanconi anemia

genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML

143
Q

single palmar crease

A

Down syndrome

144
Q

situs inversus
chronic sinusitis
bronchiectasis
infertility

A 
Kartagener syndrome
(dynein arm defect affecting cilia)
145
Q

skin hyperpigmentation
hypotension
fatigue

A

Addison disease

primary adrenal insufficiency causes increased ACTH and increased alpha-MSH production

146
Q

slow progressive muscle weakness in boys

A

Becker muscular dystrophy

X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne

147
Q

small irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers

A

Koplik spots

measles, rubeola virus

148
Q

smooth flat moist painless white lesions on genitals

A

condylomata lata

secondary syphilis

149
Q

splinter hemorrhages in fingernails

A

bacterial endocarditis

150
Q

strawberry tongue

A

scarlet fever
Kawasaki disease
toxic shock syndrome

151
Q 
streak ovaries
congenital heart disease
horseshoe kidney
cystic hygroma at birth
short stature
webbed neck
lymphedema
A

Turner syndrome

45,XO

152
Q

Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint

tophi

A

Gout/podagra

hyperuricemia

153
Q

swollen gums
mucosal bleeding
poor wound healing
petechiae

A

scurvy

vitamin C deficiency: can’t hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis

154
Q

swollen hard painful finger joints

A

osteoarthritis

osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard nodes], DIP [Heberden nodes]

155
Q

systolic ejection murmur

crescendo-decrescendo

A

aortic valve stenosis

156
Q

thyroid and parathyroid tumors

pheochromocytoma

A

MEN 2A

AD RET mutation

157
Q

thyroid tumors
pheochromocytoma
ganglioneuromatosis

A

MEN 2B

AD RET mutation

158
Q

toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape

A

Babinski sign

UMN

159
Q

unilateral facial drooping involving forehead

A

Facial nerve palsy

LMN CN VII palsy

160
Q

Urethritis
conjunctivitis
arthritis in male

A

reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27

161
Q

vascular birthmark

port-wine stain

A

hemangioma

benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome

162
Q

vomiting blood following GE lacerations

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

alcoholic and bulimic patients

163
Q 
Weight loss
diarrhea
arthritis
fever
adenopathy
A

Whipple disease

Tropheryma whipplei

164
Q

“worst headache of my life”

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

165
Q

inactivation of APC gene

A

FAP

166
Q

inactivation of p53

increased risk for brain tumors, sarcomas, leukemia, breast colon & ovarian carcinomas before age 50

A

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

167
Q

somatic mutations of RB1

A

retinoblastoma

168
Q

inability to repair DNA due to defect in endonuclease

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

169
Q

number of cell divisions for clinically detectable tumor mass

A

30

170
Q

cytokine implicated in RA

A

TNF

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