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veterinary science 2.1 > reproduction (wk 8) > Flashcards

reproduction (wk 8) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the vestibule?

A

internal entrance to the reproductive tract, protected externally by the vulval lips and shared with the urinary tract

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2
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

physical barrier between the vagina and the uterus, responsive to hormones - relaxes under oestrogen, tightly closed under progesterone

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3
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A

support growth and development of a pregnancy

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4
Q

what is the function of the uterine tube?

A

site of fertilisation and early embryonic development

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5
Q

what is the function of the ovary?

A

produces gametes and hormones

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6
Q

name of male and female gametes?

A

spermatozoa and oocytes

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7
Q

are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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8
Q

main male reproductive hormone?

A

testosterone (an androgen)

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9
Q

main female reproductive hormone?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

are gametes produced after birth in females?

A

no - but they are in males

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11
Q

what is the sac of skin that houses the testes and helps to regulate their temperature.. the tunica dartos of the scrotum adjusts the position of the testes relative to the body. The ____ is hairless in many species, and contains sebaceous and sweat glands to help with temperature regulation.

A

scrotum

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12
Q

what is the site of testosterone production?

A

Leydig cells in testicle

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13
Q

what is the site of spermatogenesis (origin and development of sperm cells)?

A

Seminiferous tubules of testicle

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14
Q

what is passage for testicular blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves as well as ductus deferens allowing transport of spermatozoa from epididymis to the urethra. The cremaster muscles attaches to the outside, and to the testes?

A

Spermatic cord

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15
Q

what requires testosterone and include the ampulla, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. Located along the urethra and contribute the fluid portion of semen?

A

Accessory sex glands

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16
Q

what is the passage for spermatozoa from deferent duct to outside the animals, and also for urine from the bladder. Accessory sex glands secrete fluid into _____ (seminal fluid)?

A

urethra

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17
Q

what is divided into base, body, and glans. Urethra travels within to provide passage for spermatozoa and urine to outside the animal. Has erectile tissues?

A

penis

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18
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in the follicular phase and where does it come from?

A

oestrogen - developing follicles produce it which prepares the tract for mating and initiates oestrous behaviour

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19
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in the luteal phase and where does it come from?

A

progesterone - produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary

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20
Q

Which hormone is required to terminate a corpus luteum and trigger its regression? Where does it come from?

A

prostaglandin F2a - secreted by the endometrium of the uterus in non pregnant animals (at least cows, pigs, horses)

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21
Q

what does CL stand for?

A

corpus luteum

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22
Q

is the corpus luteum secreting progesterone part of the follicular or luteal phase?

A

luteal phase

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23
Q

what is the end of the luteal phase?

A

when the uterine prostaglandin lyses the corpus luteum

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24
Q

are high oestrogen concentrations, which have a positive feedback on the hypothalamus, part of the follicular or luteal phase?

A

follicular

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25
Q

what animal can cycle any time of the year, often just one cycle: dog, cow, sheep, horse?

A

dog

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26
Q

which animal cycles all year round: dog, cow, sheep, horse?

A

cow

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27
Q

what cycles during autumn: dog, cow, sheep, horse?

A

what cycles during spring: dog, cow, sheep, horse?

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28
Q

cow or dog - ovulates secondary oocytes?

A

cow

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29
Q

dog or cow - ovulates primary oocytes?

A

dog

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30
Q

dog or cow - ovulates during oestrus?

A

dog

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31
Q

dog or cow - ovulates after oestrus?

A

cow

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32
Q

dog or cow - vaginal cytology can evaluate stage of the oestrous cycle?

A

dog

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33
Q

in a dog, what colour would you expect vulval discharge to be proestrus?

A

bloody discharge

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34
Q

in a dog, what colour would you expect vulval discharge to be in oestrus?

A

staw coloured

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35
Q

in a cow, what colour would you expect vulval discharge to be in oestrus?

A

clear

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36
Q

where does fertilisation occur - ovary, uterine tube, uterus?

A

uterine tube

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37
Q

what is the diploid cell resulting from fusion of the male and female pronuclei in the uterine tube?

A

a zygote

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38
Q

What stage of development is the embryo normally at when it enters the uterus - bastoclyst, morula, zygote?

A

bastoclyst - identifiable by fluid in a cavity?

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39
Q

Where does the signal for parturition come from - the dam, or the fetus?

A

the fetus - it’s adrenal glands increase cortisol secretion in response to ACTH from the anterior pituitary gland, probably due to fetal “stress” through lack of space and high metabolic requirements

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40
Q

which stage of parturition is this - uterine contractions and fetal movement mean the head and/or feet press against the cervix. This stimulates oxytocin release and more contractions, so the fetus pushes harder. The cervix relaxes and waters break as the chorioallantois ruptures?

A

stage one

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41
Q

which stage of parturition is this - forceful uterine and abdominal contractions push the fetus through the pelvic canal. The fetus is pushed to the outside world, often still encased in the amnion. The newborn starts to breathe, no longer relying on the placenta for oxygen exchange. The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close?

A

stage two

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42
Q

which stage of parturition is this - uterine contractions continue to encourage separation of the placenta from the uterine lining?

A

stage three

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43
Q

true or false - spermatozoa are produced and stored in the epididymis?

A

false - they only mature there

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44
Q

true or false - spermatozoa mature in the testes?

A

false - they’re produced there, but mature in the epididymis

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45
Q

The ___?____ is a complete but concise description of the animal. It includes:
- Species
- Breed
- Age
- Sex
- Additional terms that describe whether an animal is lactating, pregnant, or has had reproductive structures removed (e.g. castration)

A

signalment

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46
Q

Why is the signalment important?

A

The signalment is crucial in determining the presence of normal (and abnormal) reproductive structure and function

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47
Q

Why is reproduction more likely to be negatively affected in ageing females compared to ageing males? Think about production of gametes in males and females.

A
  • females are born with a lifetime supply of oocytes, these get less fertile as the female gets older
  • males continuously produce gametes, fertility is maintained for longer
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48
Q

is a gilt a female or a male?

A

female pig - has not yet produced a litter of piglets/is being grown out to butcher

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49
Q

what is a jack and a jenny?

A

male and female donkeys, respectively

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50
Q

Removal of the ovaries and uterus of the female is called ovariohysterectomy. This is more commonly referred to as…?

A

spaying

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51
Q

Removal of the testicles is orchiectomy often termed…?

A

castration

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52
Q

castrated horse?

A

gelding

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53
Q

castrated goat?

A

wether

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54
Q

castrated pig?

A

barrow

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55
Q

castrated donkey?

A

gelding

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56
Q

what’s the name for reproductive behaviour commonly displayed by queens - crouched low to the ground, hindquarters elevated?

A

lordosis

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57
Q

Mares in oestrus commonly show…?

A
  • an elevated tail
  • a wide-based stance with her hindlimbs
  • eversion of the clitoris at the ventral vulva
  • passing of urine
    These signs, known as ‘teasing’, are commonly elicited during oestrus by exposure to a stallion.
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58
Q

which response involves curling of the upper lip in response to detection of pheromones, such as those present in urine, by the vomeronasal organ?

A

the flehmen response - seen in many domestic species, including ungulates (eg sheep) and dogs and cats

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59
Q

true or false - mammary glands are part of the reproductive system?

A

false - but they assist it’s function, so are part of the physical exam

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60
Q

true or false - mammary gland development does not always mean that the bitch is pregnant

A

true - false pregnancies do the same

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61
Q

What vulval discharge would you expect to see in a spayed bitch?

A

none - it is not normal for a spayed bitch to have vulval discharge

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62
Q

What vulval discharge indicates a bitch is likely to be in proestrus - clear or straw coloured, or red coloured?

A

red coloured for proestrus

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63
Q

when is green coloured discharge normal in bitches?

A

after birth - a green discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains is normal

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64
Q

what is Lochia?

A

normal uterine discharge that contains blood, necrotic tissue and mucus after parturition - passed for about three weeks in bitches, a week or two in cows

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65
Q

it can be normal for male animals to have a small amount of discharge visible at the opening of the prepuce/tip of the penis. This is called _______, most commonly noted in dogs and horses (both entire and castrated).

A

smegma - looks yellowish/greenish in dogs, thick consistency, greyish/black in horses and can accumulate into circular or oval clumps in the sinus surrounding the urethral process. Horse owners may refer to these accumulations as ‘beans’. (grotty)

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66
Q

What is the bulbus glandis of the male dog?

A

erectile tissue next to the long part of the glans, sometimes referred to as the knot

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67
Q

In large animals, we can obtain information about the uterus and ovaries on physical exam via rectal palpation - true or false?

A

true

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68
Q

The pelvic bone ventral to the rectum is the: Ilium, Ischium, or Pubis?

A

pubis

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69
Q

The uterus is located: dorsal to the rectum, ventral to the rectum, ventral to the urinary bladder?

A

ventral to the rectum - but dorsal to the urinary bladder!

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70
Q

Which of these structures could leak contents into the peritoneal cavity, if perforated: rectum, urinary bladder, uterus, all of the above?

A

all of the above

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71
Q

the internal structure of the ovaries of the mare is reversed to that of other species - are the follicles in the centre or the edge of the ovaries?

A

the follicles are in the centre (the medulla) - and the vascular structures are on the outside

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72
Q

In which species can the corpus luteum (CL) be palpated: cow, mare, both the cow and the mare?

A

just the cow - the CL does not protrude from the ovary in the mare and therefore isn’t palpable

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73
Q

Which hormone does the CL produce: FSH, Luteinising hormone (LH), Progesterone, Prostaglandin?

A

progesterone

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74
Q

given that a large CL is palpable, in what phase of the oestrus cycle was the cow - follicular phase, or luteal phase?

A

luteal phase - follicles can also be present as well as a corpus luteum, as they are growing during the luteal phase

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75
Q

What hormone is produced in the ovary during oestrus in the mare: oestrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin?

A

oestrogen - this is secreted from the dominant follicle

76
Q

What hormone is produced in the ovary during dioestrus in the mare: oestrogen, prostaglandin, progesterone?

A

progesterone - from the corpus luteum

77
Q

what is secreted from the uterus at the end of dioestrus to lyse the corpus luteum: oestrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin?

A

prostaglandin

78
Q

What is the function of the prostate in entire male dogs?

A

the prostate is the accessory sex gland of the dog - it produces seminal plasma, the liquid portion of the ejaculate that contains large amounts of proteins

79
Q

What do you predict happens to the structure and function of the prostate after castration: it enlarges, it decreases in size, or has no effect?

A

the prostate decreases in size - it’s dependent on testosterone for development/maintenance of structure and function (like other accessory sex glands) and the testicles are where testosterone is produced - which are removed.

80
Q

true or false - the urethra and deferent duct pass through the prostate?

A

true

81
Q

Why might a dog with an enlarged prostate have trouble defaecating?

A

enlargement of the prostate could put pressure on the colon and displace it dorsally, making defaecating more difficult

82
Q

do small breed or large breed puppies reach puberty first?

A

small breed

83
Q

What signs might an owner of an 18-month-old entire female Burmese cat see that could be related to the reproductive system: showing lordosis (hyperextension of the back), vocalisation such as yowling and screaming when outside at night, treading with hindlimbs?

A

all of the above

84
Q

what is the sac formed by the amnion that encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. It is also termed the amniotic sac?

A

the amniotic vesicle

85
Q

what is the sensation of a thread or edge of tissue slipping through the fingers when the amniotic vesicle is grasped between thumb and forefinger?

A

fetal membrane slip

86
Q

What membrane surrounds the amniotic vesicle?

A

chorioallantosis (made up of the chorion and the allantois)

87
Q

which structures are used during pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • amniotic vesicle
  • fetal membrane slip
  • the foetus itself
  • placentomes
88
Q

what are placentomes formed by?

A

the interlocking of the foetal cotyledon and maternal caruncle

89
Q

the term ____?_____ is used to describe how long the fetus is, and is important in some species for determining the gestational age of the fetus (and therefore parturition date).

A

crown-rump length

90
Q

are placentomes found in all species?

A

no

91
Q

do cows, goats and sheep have placentomes?

A

yes

92
Q

do horses, dogs and cats have placentomes?

A

no

93
Q

In early gestation, the fetus is a soft tissue structure, surrounded by fluid and the soft tissue of the uterus itself. The bones of the fetus are not yet calcified.

Do you predict radiography would be a useful imaging modality to diagnose a bitch or queen as pregnant in early gestation?

A

no

94
Q

Once ossified, fetal skeletons are radio-opaque enough to be seen. At approximately 45 days gestation in the dog, the fetal bones begin to ossify. Counting fetuses is best done by counting the __________ on a radiograph?

A

skulls

95
Q

Do you predict radiography would be a useful imaging modality to diagnose a cow or mare as pregnant in late gestation?

A

unlikely - the thickness of a cow or mare’s abdomen means you’d need to use a very high exposure setting to see much, not super practical

96
Q

The ability to detect movement is an important advantage of ultrasound over radiography. What does this information (presence or absence of movement) tell you about the fetus?

A

the heart moves - means we can get a foetal heart rate, which tells us if it’s alive or dead, health level or in distress

97
Q

Early pregnancy can be detected in cattle by palpating structures such as the amniotic vesicle, fetus and placentomes. During some stages of pregnancy, it is harder to palpate these structures. Why?

A

the weight of the calf/associated fluids causes the uterus to sink towards the caudoventral abdomen, the cervix can even be pulled towards the pelvic brim - bulk of the uterus may be out of reach of palpator’s arm.

98
Q

Why can’t we perform pregnancy diagnosis by putting our hand into the vagina?

A

the cervix - it’s tightly closed under the influence of progesterone unless the animal is in labour with a dilated cervix

99
Q

What information does a return of oestrus behaviour after a mating provide the farmer with about a cow’s pregnancy status?

A

she’s not pregnant

100
Q

if a cow does not return to oestrus after mating does this guarantee that she’s pregnant?

A

no - it’s a good sign, but cows may not return to oestrus for other non pregnancy related reasons

101
Q

Would observing a bitch for return to oestrus provide useful information about her pregnancy state?

A

no - before you saw the next oestrus, a pregnant bitch would have already delivered, nursed and weaned her puppies

102
Q

what is parturition?

A

the birth process

103
Q

the increase in fetal cortisol signals the placenta to stop __(which hormone?)__ synthesis in favour of _(which hormone)__ synthesis, and this is considered the signal for initiation of parturition.

A

stop progesterone synthesis in favour of oestrogen synthesis

104
Q

Death of a bovine foetus in-utero can lead to prolonged gestation. Why?

A

because there’s no foetal stress/cortisol to trigger the start of parturition

105
Q

Glucocorticoids (similar to cortisol) medications are often given to dogs and cats for treatment of various medical conditions. Why is pregnancy typically considered a contraindication (no go) for use of glucocorticoids?

A

cortisol is the trigger for parturition, administration of glucocorticoids has a risk of inducing early labour in pregnant animals

106
Q

Expulsion of the fetus involves a positive feedback loop
Firstly, what is a positive feedback loop?

A

a positive feedback loop enhances a detected change in the same direction until the process is completed (landslide analogy)

107
Q

As the fetus passes through the birth canal, compression of other intra-pelvic structures can occur - name two intra-pelvic structures?

A
  1. the rectum (defecation during labour)
  2. nerves, specifically the obturator nerve - vulnerable to compression
108
Q

where is the obturator nerve intra-pelvically?

A

running along the medial surface of the ilium to exit via the obturator foramen (the two big holes)

109
Q

most favourable position for the foetus for a safe birth?

A

longitudinal anterior position - two forelimbs presenting first, with the head and neck lying on the forelimbs (not flexed on either side. foetus in sternal recumbency.

110
Q

Another position that can result in a successful birth is the longitudinal posterior position (two hindlimbs presenting first). however this does have more associated complications than the ideal longitudinal anterior position - two reasons why?

A
  • hindlegs against the cervix is less pressure than a head, doesn’t dilate properly
  • if the umbilical cord tears the foetus still has it’s head in the body, unlike with the other position, and can’t breathe
111
Q

what does dystocia mean?

A

difficult births

112
Q

how long does stage one (Cow is restless, lifting her tail, defecating frequently. Cervix slowly dilating. Relaxation of pelvic ligaments with raising of the tail head. Swollen vulva. Mucus may come from vulva) typically take in cows?

A

May start 12-24 hours prior to birth; accelerates during 2-4 hours prior to stage 2

113
Q

how long does stage two (Fetal membranes hanging from vulva, Parts of fetus may be visible (may still be enclosed in amniotic sac), Cow straining (may standing or laterally recumbent) normally take in cows?

A

30-70 min (can be longer in some cows)

114
Q

when does stage one of labour end for a cow?

A

when the chorioallantoic sac appears

115
Q

when does stage two of labour end for a cow?

A

when the last fetus is delivered (cows can have multiples)

116
Q

how long does stage three of labour (Emergence of placenta) normally take in cows?

A

~6 hrs usually. Up to 12-24 hours may occur

117
Q

when does stage three of labour end in cows?

A

when the placenta is delivered

118
Q

is the amniotic sac more white grey, or is that the allantois (chorioallanois)?

A

the amniotic sac (inner one) - the chorioallanois (outer one) is more red/brown

119
Q

Suckling by the young immediately after birth is not only important for the young to obtain nourishment, but also for successful completion of stage 3 labour.

What is the connection between suckling and stage 3 labour?

A

it stimulates oxytocin, which which would stimulate more contractions to help deliver the placenta (contractions also help collapse uterine blood vessels, helps avoid haemorrhage)

120
Q

how long does stage one (Mare is sweating and walking, restless, getting up and down) of labour take in a mare?

A

Less than 4 hours

121
Q

when does stage one of labour end in a mare?

A

with the rupture of membranes, alllantoic fluid released (“waters breaking”)

122
Q

how long does stage two (With the passage of foal into canal, strong contractions begin. Amniotic sac and foal foot seen within 5 minutes of “waters breaking”. Mare may get up and down, even roll. Often in lateral recumbency) of labour take in a mare?

A

10-20 minutes

123
Q

when does stage two of labour end in a mare?

A

with the delivery of foal, delivered within amnion usually

124
Q

how long does stage three (expulsion of placenta) of labour take in a mare?

A

within three hours

125
Q

when does stage three of labour end in a mare?

A

with the delivery of the placenta - in mares, the placenta is carefully checked to ensure the entire placenta has been delivered, with no parts retained in the uterus

126
Q

how long does stage one (restless, may show nesting behaviour) of labour last in bitches?

A

up to 36 hours in some individuals

127
Q

when does stage one of labour end in bitches?

A

rupture of first chorioallantoic sac (waters breaking)

128
Q

how long does the second stage (emergence of amniotic sac and foetus) take in bitches?

A
  • First puppy delivered within 2-3 hours of rupture of first chorioallantoic sac
  • <2 hours between puppies
  • <30 minutes delivering an individual puppy
129
Q

when does stage two of labour end in bitches?

A

when the last fetus is delivered. Typically a litter is delivered within 6-8 hours, though up to 24 hours may occur.

130
Q

how long does stage three of labour (expulsion of the placenta) take in bitches?

A

Within 3 hours

131
Q

when does stage three of labour end in bitches?

A

Delivery of placentas; usually within 1-2 hours of last puppy

132
Q

which of the following diagnostic options would be useful to use to diagnose pregnancy in a cow?
- rectal palpation of the uterus and ovaries
- ultrasonography of the cow’s uterus per rectum
- radiography
- urine tests

A

rectal palpation of uterus and ovaries, along with ultrasonography of the cow’s uterus per rectum
(radiography and urine tests no good)

133
Q

Marama notices that one of the cows is mounting another cow in the yards as they are waiting to be pushed into the race for Marama to examine.

What does this observation tell Marama?

A

the cow mounting is in proestrus and won’t stand, the cow being mounted is in oestrus and will - both unlikely to be pregnant

134
Q

Marama is palpating cow #30’s uterus and feels a membrane slip and a tiny bump (amniotic vesicle) in the left uterine horn.

If Marama palpates the cow’s ovaries, will she palpate a corpus luteum?

A

yes

135
Q

Which of the following did foetal cortisol release have a decreasing affect on the following hormones and receptors in the cow?
- oestrogen from the placenta
- oxytocin receptors in the myometrium
- prostaglandin from the placenta and the cervix
- progesterone from the placenta
- prostaglandin receptors in the myometrium

A

progesterone from the placenta decreases (everything else increases)

136
Q

Mr Russell calls Marama the next day. Cow #30 had not had her calf overnight as he expected; this morning he saw a “waterbag” hanging from her vulva, but when he checked on her 2 hours later, there was no progress.

What stage of labour is Cow #30 now in?
- stage one
- stage two
- stage three

A

stage two - for longer than typically expected

137
Q

cow caesarian (done on the side of abdomen) - how many layers are cut through?
1, 2, 3, or 4?

A

3 - external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominis (rectus abdominis too ventral)

138
Q

To enter the cow’s peritoneal cavity, Marama will need to incise through:
- Parietal peritoneum?
- Visceral peritoneum?
- Both parietal and visceral peritoneum?
- Neither parietal nor visceral peritoneum?

A

parietal peritoneum

139
Q

As Marama is suturing the uterine incision post c section, the uterus is rapidly decreasing in size.
What hormone is responsible for this uterine contraction?
1. progesterone
2. prostaglandin
3. oestrogen
4. oxytocin

A
  1. oxytocin
140
Q

The client decides she would like to know how many puppies Silver is carrying. What imaging recommendation below is most likely to provide this information?
1. Abdominal palpation
2. Radiography
3. Ultrasonography

A
  1. radiography
141
Q

The client asks how to tell when Silver (their dog) is about to whelp. What changes indicate whelping is imminent?

A
  • drop in rectal temperature
  • restlessness, isolating, nest making
  • swelling of vulva and vulval discharge (clear)
142
Q

the client calls after-hours. Silver has had two puppies and it has now been 30 minutes without another puppy. Silver is busy licking the puppies and they are trying to nurse; Silver is not straining; the client wants to know if that is ok.
How long can it it be between puppies?
1. 30 min
2. 1 hour
3. 1.5 hours
4. 2 hours

A
  1. two hours
143
Q

Silver has finished whelping five healthy puppies! The owner is happy but concerned that Silver has a greenish-black vulval discharge. what is it?
1. normal - lochia
2. abnormal - infection

A
  1. normal - lochia
144
Q

What is the importance of colostrum to a neonate?

A
  • nutrients
  • vital route of transfer of passive immunity (IgG)
145
Q

Does mixing of the maternal and fetal blood occur during gestation?

A

no - oxygen, glucose etc just diffuse down their concentration gradients

146
Q

what is the role of the umbilical arteries?

A

umbilical arteries - carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta, having been pumped out of the fetal heart

147
Q

what is the role of the umbilical vein?

A

carrying oxygenated blood from the placenta back to the fetal heart

148
Q

During the fetal period, urine moves from the urinary bladder through the urachus - where does the urine empty to?
1. the allantoic sac
2. the amniotic sac
3. the dam’s blood vessels

A
  1. the allantoic sac (this is the one surrounding the outside of the amniotic sac with the fetus in it)
149
Q

What fetal structures can bacteria potentially travel through in the umbilical region of the newborn?

A

via the umbilical arteries and vein - the circulatory system
via the urachus - the urinary system

150
Q

what is the urachus?

A

the fetal canal that connects the bladder and the allantois

151
Q

What might you see coming from the umbilicus if a neonate’s urachus has not closed?

A

urine

152
Q

what is the meconium?

A

the first stool passed by a fetus/newborn, made up of cell debris, gastrointestinal secretion and allantoic fluid that accumulated during the fetal period.

153
Q

what does the meconium (first stool passed by fetus/newborn) look like?

A

dark brown/greenish black, sticky - can stain neonate’s coat yellow if passed in-utero.

154
Q

two congenial (condition or trait that exists at birth) abnormalities routinely checked for in neonates?

A
  • defects of the hard palate (eg cleft palate)
  • absence of an anus
155
Q

consequences of hard palate abnormalities eg a hole in it for neonates?

A

there’s now a hole between the nasal and oral cavities, milk can be inhaled into the lungs. exit of milk from the nose and sneezing are common

156
Q

During the fetal period, the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus allowed most of the blood in the fetal circulation to go around the lungs instead of through them. blood moved from the left atrium to the right atrium via?
1. foramen ovale
2. ductus arteriosus

A
  1. foramen ovale
157
Q

During the fetal period, the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus allowed most of the blood in the fetal circulation to go around the lungs instead of through them. blood moved from the pulmonary artery to the aorta via?
1. foramen ovale
2. ductus arteriosus

A
  1. ductus arteriosus
158
Q

Fetal cortisol rises before birth, triggering the onset of parturition. This rise in cortisol also triggers final maturation of the fetal lungs and secretion of surfactant.

What is surfactant?

A

surfactant is a slick, soapy substance secreted by type II pneumocytes - it functions to keep alveoli open

159
Q

consequences for the respiratory system if the fetus is expelled from the uterus before the increase in fetal cortisol?

A

the spike in cortisol is also responsible for lung maturation and the secretion of surfactant (soapy substance that helps keep alveoli open). neonate may show signs of respiratory difficulty

159
Q

Which of these animals is potentially dangerous and should always be kept in your line of sight?
1. a jersey bull
2. a hereford cow with a day old calf
3. both of these

A
  1. both - don’t mess with a mum and calf
160
Q

Margaret, a foster carer for a local cat charity, is caring for a queen and her litter of four 3 day old kittens. Margaret has called the clinic; she is worried that “Snowy”, one of the kittens, is not doing well.
should the mother and the rest of the litter be examined, or do not need to be?

A

yes - illness of or inadequate milk production by the queen could be the cause of the sick kitten, and the remainder of the litter should be examined in case they are also not doing well

161
Q

parts of the broad ligament that suspend the reproductive tract: which structure does the mesovarium suspend?
1. ovaries
2. uterine tube
3. uterus

A
  1. ovaries
162
Q

parts of the broad ligament that suspend the reproductive tract: which structure does the mesosalpinx suspend?
1. ovaries
2. uterine tube
3. uterus

A
  1. uterine tube
163
Q

parts of the broad ligament that suspend the reproductive tract: which structure does the mesometrium suspend?
1. ovaries
2. uterine tube
3. uterus

A
  1. uterus
164
Q

In the dog and cat, where do the ovaries attach to the body wall?
1. the dorsal body wall, just caudal to the kidneys
2. the lateral body walls, at the level of the pelvic inlet
3. the ventral body wall, just caudal to the last rib

A
  1. the dorsal body wall, just caudal to the kidneys
165
Q

Which ligament forms the attachment between the body wall and the ovaries?
1. intercornual ligament
2. proper ligament
3. suspensory ligament

A
  1. suspensory ligament - this is stretched or carefully broken during a spay
166
Q

Which reproductive tract structure is immediately caudal to the uterine body?

A

the cervix

166
Q

Which blood vessel/s that supply oxygenated blood to the uterus?

A

the uterine artery (and uterine branch of the ovarian artery)

167
Q

Which blood vessel/s that supply oxygenated blood to the ovaries?

A

the ovarian artery, which branches off the aorta

168
Q

What is the role of the broad ligament?

A

it suspends the uterus and ovaries in the abdomen

169
Q

In the bitch, the ovary is contained within which structure?

A

the ovarian bursa

170
Q

Categorise the structures according to whether they are a component of the ovarian pedicle or not (tissue tied off during a spay)
1. fat within the mesovarium
2. suspensory ligament
3. ovarian artery and vein
4. proper ligament
5. uterine horn
6. ovary

A

component of pedicle:
1. fat within the mesovarium
2. suspensory ligament
3. ovarian artery and vein

not a component:
4. proper ligament
5. uterine horn
6. ovary

171
Q

true or false - Both female and male animals have an inguinal canal?

A

true

172
Q

is the parietal vaginal tunic (the outer layer, surrounds the testes and spermatic cord) continuous with the parietal peritoneum of the abdomen?

A

yup - means you have a hole into the peritoneal cavity if you cut one in the vaginal tunic

173
Q

The testicles begin their development within the abdomen of the foetus, originating just caudal to the kidneys on either side. The testicles are drawn down into the scrotum via the inguinal canal - this process is facilitated by a cord called the…

A

gubernaculum - it’s attached to the testicles at one end, and the scrotum at the other

174
Q

what’s the muscle that controls how close or far from the body in the scrotum the testicles sit?

A

the cremaster muscle

175
Q

the testicular arteries, which supply the testicles with oxygenated blood, branch off which major vessel?

A

the testicular arteries (one for each testicle) branch off the abdominal aorta

176
Q

true or false - the epididymis is a component of the spermatic cord?

A

false

177
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

transportation, maturation and storage of spermatozoa

178
Q

which is the endocrine gland close to the kidneys?

A

the adrenal gland

179
Q

ligament between the ovaries and the uterine horn - is it the?
1. proper ligament
2. suspensory ligament

A
  1. proper ligament
180
Q

ligament between the ovaries and the body wall - is it the?
1. proper ligament
2. suspensory ligament

A
  1. suspensory ligament
181
Q

which blood vessel does the ovarian artery branch off?
1. aorta
2. renal artery
3. uterine artery
4. vaginal artery

A
  1. aorta
182
Q

where does the arterial blood supply to the canine uterus come from?
1. The uterine branch of the ovarian artery anastomosing with the uterine artery
2. The uterine artery, a branch of the caudal mesenteric artery.
3. The uterine artery, which branches directly off the aorta.
4. The uterine branch of the external pudendal artery.

A
  1. The uterine branch of the ovarian artery anastomosing with the uterine artery
183
Q

order the following - acrosomal reaction, fertilisation, capacitation, sperm fusion with oocyte membrane?

A
  1. capacitation
  2. acrosomal reaction
  3. sperm fusion with oocyte membrane
  4. fertilisation
    then formation of a zygote :)
184
Q
A

veterinary science 2.1 (22 decks)

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