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veterinary science 2.1 > digestive system lab (week two) > Flashcards

digestive system lab (week two) Flashcards

foregut & hindgut fermentation, pig abdomen

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1
Q

are ruminants (cows, sheep, goats) and camelids (llamas, alpacas) animals with highly developed forestomachs, or hindgut fermenters?

A

highly developed forestomachs

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2
Q

are horses, rabbits and rats hindgut fermenters, or creatures with highly developed forestomachs?

A

hindgut fermenters (usually herbivores, rats are just special)

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3
Q

ruminants - what’s the chamber lying against the diaphragm that has a mucosa with a honeycomb pattern?

A

the reticulum

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4
Q

ruminants - what’s the compartment lined with glandular tissue, functioning in a similar way to the simple stomach of monogastric animals (except it doesn’t act as a storage facility)

A

the abomasum

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5
Q

ruminants - what folds in to form a tube in young ruminants that bypasses the rumen and reticulum, linking the oesophagus directly to the omasum?

A

oesophageal groove

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6
Q

ruminants - what’s the large, expansible chamber containing numerous papillae for increasing the surface area and muscular folds that divide it into sacs?

A

the rumen

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7
Q

ruminants - what’s the spherical compartment containing folds of musosa like leaves in a book, with papillae on the surfaces to increase absorptive surface area?

A

the omasum

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8
Q

the cranial boundary of the abdominal cavity is the diaphragm - in the cow, the ventral attachment of the diaphragm is present around the level of which rib?

A

the 6th rib (a significant amount of the abdominal cavity is present within the ribcage)

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9
Q

The term paralumbar fossa refers to….

A

the triangular depression in the dorsal flank region. It is bounded by the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae dorsally, the last rib cranially, and the tuber coxae caudally

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10
Q

Can you name the layers of tissue that the surgeon will cut through in a c section/abdominal incision on the side of a cow?

A

skin (cutaneous muscle, subcutaneous tissue), external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominis, parietal peritoneum.

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11
Q

Which organ do you predict the spleen has an attachment to in the cow?

A

the rumen (stomach)

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12
Q

Which body wall do you predict the spleen of a cow lies against?

A

left body wall

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13
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract do you predict the pancreas is associated with?

A

the duodenum

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14
Q

Cows and sheep have gallbladders. Which organ is the gallbladder associated with?

A

the liver

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15
Q

Which intercostal space overlies the liver of a cow?

A

The 9th intercostal space on the right, midway between the spine and the sternum.

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16
Q

what age group of ruminant can be descibed as functional momogastric

A

young ruminants - although they have the other stomach chambers, the abomasum or glandular stomach is the functional stomach for beginning digestion of their milk diet. (oesophagus leads onto reticular groove, makes little tunnel that bypasses the reticulum and rumen straight to omasum –> abomasum)

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17
Q

The rumen occupies almost all of the left side of the abdominal cavity. It extends from the dorsal most part of the abdomen, all the way to the abdominal floor. It also extends across midline and caudally may reach the lower right flank region… what does this mean for the placement of the left and right kidneys, liver and bulk of the intestines?

A

the left kidney is located to the right of midline, and almost all the liver lies on the right side of the cranial abdomen. The bulk of the intestine also lies to the right and is bunched dorsally.

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18
Q

the uterus in the heavily pregnant cow takes up a large proportion of the abdominal cavity.
What effect will have on the voluntary feed intake of ruminants late in gestation?

A

the voluntary feed intake is reduced, as the ruminant is physically less able to accomodate large volumes of ingesta in the rumen

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19
Q

is the liver in the thorax or the abdomen?

A

abdomen

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20
Q

which is the most cranial of the four stomachs?

A

the reticulum :)

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21
Q

which is the really big one out of the four stomachs?

A

the rumen (continuous with the reticulum on the inside)

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22
Q

after the food ferments in the reticulum followed by the rumen and is reasonably liquid, where does it go next?

A

the omasum

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23
Q

which is the last of the four stomachs, and lies on the floor (ventral aspect) of the abdomen?

A

the abomasum - the first part of the small intestine comes off from here

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24
Q

list the four stomachs in order that food would go through?

A

reticulum (honeycomb), rumen (big chungus), omasum (books), abomasum

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25
Q

what’s at the end of the small intestine and the start of the large?

A

the caecum - blind ended sac thingie, does a bit more fermentation

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26
Q

Which statement best describes the location of the rumen?
1 - The rumen takes up most of the left hand side of the abdomen and extends to the right of midline

2 - The rumen takes up most of the right side of the abdomen and extends to the left of midline

3 - The rumen sits on midline, extending equally into the left and right sides of the abdomen

A

1 - The rumen takes up most of the left hand side of the abdomen and extends to the right of midline

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27
Q

ruminants - Where is the bulk of the small intestine located within the abdominal cavity?

A

on the right side, slightly dorsally?

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28
Q

what two features of the omasum (book pages) could help you identify it when performing a post mortem?

A
  • firm to the touch (ingesta within is drier)
  • distinctively round shape
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29
Q

what is the first segment of the small intestine called? (this is directly attached to the abomasum)

A

the duodenum

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29
Q

What is the function of the oesophageal groove in suckling calves?

A

the walls of the reticular groove contract to create a channel allowing milk to bypass the reticulorumen and travel through to the abomasum (via the omasum) for digestion

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30
Q

camelids includes alpaca and llamas. They are termed pseudo-ruminants - how many stomach chambers do they have?

A

three

31
Q

which camelid stomach? This compartment is the largest, with rows of saccules along the caudo-ventral aspect. The lining lacks the papillae seen in the rumen. It lies mostly on the left side of the abdomen.

A

C1

32
Q

which camelid stomach? Fermentation continues in this chamber, with absorption of water and VFA.

A

C2

33
Q

which camelid stomach? This compartment is considered the true stomach (like the abomasum in ruminants). Like the horse, the lining has both acid-secreting and non-acid-secreting mucosal surfaces.

A

C3

34
Q

contractions of the forestomach are best heard on the left of camelids, ruminants, or both?

A

both

35
Q

urea is recycled, allowing bacteria to synthesise amino acid and VFA in ruminants, camelids or both?

A

both

36
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A

fat store, usually covers the rumen

37
Q

Compared to the carnivore and ruminant, which parts of the gastrointestinal tract has been greatly enlarged and modified in the hindgut fermenters?

A

the caecum and the colon

38
Q

What happens in the STOMACH of a hindgut fermenting species such as the horse - chemical digestion, or microbiral fermentation?

A

chemical digestion (it’s the foregut fermenters that do microbiral fermentation in stomach/s)

39
Q

What happens in the CAECUM AND LARGE INTESTINE of a hindgut fermenting species such as the horse - chemical digestion, or microbiral fermentation?

A

microbiral fermentation

40
Q

name the three parts of a dog’s (or hindgut fermenters) colon, in order from mouth to anus?

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon.

41
Q

hindgut fermenters - gastrointestinal tract, in order from mouth to anus?

A

Oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, (cecum), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus

42
Q

which side of the horse’s neck is the oesophagus on?

A

the left side

43
Q

is the stomach of the horse large or small, relative to it’s body size?

A

relatively small

44
Q

what is approximately size of rugby ball, lies within the ribcage slightly to the left hand side of the midline in a horse?

A

it’s stomach

45
Q

can horses vomit or eurctate (burp)?

A

nope

46
Q

horse’s stomach - there is a greyish non-glandular region (occupying fundus and part of body) and an orange-pink glandular region (occupying part of the body and pyloric regions). These two regions are separated by a ridge of tissue called…

A

the margo plicatus.

47
Q

which side of the abdomen is the decending duodenum located on?

A

the right side

48
Q

horses - most of the small intestinal mass is located on….

A

the left side of the abdomen

49
Q

Do you remember which of these structures forms an attachment between one side of the entire small intestine and the roof of the abdomen? greater omentum, lesser omentum, or mesentary?

A

the mesentary

50
Q

in what species… the caecum and parts of the colon have a “sacculated” appearance. This is due to the taenia, which are bands of external longitudinal muscle which can contract to shorten the colon and result in a segmented pattern of haustrae (small pouches).

A

horses (some other hindgut fermenters also have haustrae)

51
Q

what are taenia?

A

found in horses, which are bands of external longitudinal muscle which can contract to shorten the colon resulting in bands of small pouches (haustrae)

52
Q

what are haustrae?

A

small pouches formed in the colon of horses due to the taenial band contracting

53
Q

is the caecum on the left or right side of the body in horses?

A

right

54
Q

To auscultate the sounds of the caecum emptying, where would you place your stethoscope?

A

right dorsal abdomen

55
Q

Which part of the small intestine opens into the caecum?

A

Ileum

56
Q

small intestine - named in order from mouth to anus?

A

duodenum, jejunum, illeum (DJI)

57
Q

order of ingesta through the four parts of the ascending colon? (horse)

A

first, from the caecum - right ventral colon, to left ventral colon, then left dorsal colon, then right dorsal colon (which then goes to the transverse)

58
Q

which part of the horse colon - is greatly enlarged in girth and length and has to fold back on itself to fit into the abdomen. It looks like two “C” shaped loops of intestine laid one on top of the other.

A

the ascending colon (made up of the right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon)

59
Q

is the descending colon narrower or wider than the ascending?

A

much narrower

60
Q

are the ascending and transverse colon part of the large or small colon in clinician speak?

A

large colon

61
Q

is the descending colon the large or small colon in clinician speak?

A

small colon

62
Q

Which of these serosal membranes lines the inside of the abdominal cavity?
- Parietal pleura
- Visceral pleura
- Parietal peritoneum
- Visceral peritoneum

A

Parietal peritoneum (visceral peritoneum overlies abdominal organs)

63
Q

what occupies the ventral abdomen of a horse?

A

the ascending (large) colon

64
Q

what occupies the right side of the abdomen of a horse?

A

the caecum

65
Q

where are the poor small intestines and much of the descending colon left to go in a horse?

A

left dorsal abdomen

66
Q

only one of the three flexures in a horse’s colon can be palpated or imaged - which is it?

A

pelvic flexure

67
Q

which kidney is more caudal, left or right?

A

left :)

68
Q

what does VFA stand for?

A

volatile fatty acids

69
Q

The rabbit colon can be divided into two parts - proximal (closer to stomach) and distal (closer to anus). which part has haustrae?

A

proximal

70
Q

which three species we’ve covered do coprophagy?

A

rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchillas (they’re all hind gut fermenters). coprophagy means ingestion of faeces.

71
Q

in what species is the ascending colon is elongated and coiled into a cone-shaped mass, which is attached to the dorsal roof of the abdomen near the left kidney. Beginning at the caecum, the ascending colon spirals clockwise down to the apex of the cone, and then reverses to return to the base of the cone in anti-clockwise turns. The outer turns are sacculated with two bands; the inner turns are smooth.

A

pigs

72
Q

in pigs, the caecum is on the left side of the abdomen…. is this same or different to the ruminant, horse, and dog?

A

different - ruminants, horses and dogs are all right hand side

73
Q

pigs - the superficial and deep inguinal rings of the inguinal canal are relatively large compared to most species and overlap somewhat. What consequence could this have?

A

young males are often likely to get inguinal hernias (loop of intestine makes it’s way through the inguinal canal into the vaginal cavity)

73
Q

where is the vaginal cavity on a male pig?

A

in the scrotum, between the parietal and visceral vaginal tunics (random naming, I know)

73
Q

Which bony landmarks do we use to define the abdominal cavity in most species? (not pigs, they’re too fat)

A
  • costal arch and last rib
  • transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
  • xiphoid process

veterinary science 2.1 (22 decks)

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