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veterinary science 2.1 > digestive system (wk 2) > Flashcards

digestive system (wk 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the prefix “Gastro-“ refer to?

A

the stomach (eg Gastrointestinal tract = stomach and intestines)

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2
Q

what does the prefix “Enter-“ refer to?

A

the intestines (eg Enteritis = inflammation of the intestines)

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3
Q

what does the prefix “Colo-“ or “Col-“ refer to?

A

the colon (large intestine, eg Colitis = inflammation of the colon)

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4
Q

what does the prefix “Hepato-“ refer to?

A

the liver (eg Hepatocyte = liver cell)

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5
Q

does the liver and kidneys change size at all during the day?

A

no

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6
Q

do the adrenal glands and pancreas change size during the day?

A

no

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7
Q

does the spleen and intestines change size during the day?

A

some size change

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8
Q

what type of cell… secretes acid which denatures protein and activates pepsinogen to the enzyme pepsin. also secretes intrinsic factor to bind vitamin B12 for absorption in the small intestine.

A

parietal cells

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9
Q

what type of cell… secretes gastrin, a hormone that helps regulate gastric function?

A

G cells

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10
Q

what type of cell… secretes mucus to protect the stomach lining from acid digestion?

A

mucous cells

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11
Q

what type of cell… secretes pepsinogen (precursor to pepsin, breaks down protein to peptides)

A

chief cells

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12
Q

true or false - the muscularis of the stomach is just the same as the muscularis in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

false - the muscularis of the stomach has a third, oblique layer of muscle that allows the contents of the stomach to be churned and mixed.

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13
Q

What is the main function of the pharynx?

A

to make sure air ends up in the trachea, and food/water in the oesophagus

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14
Q

which digestive processes occur in the oral cavity?

A

motility - (of food by tongue)
absorption (of some meds, anyway)
digestion (food broken up, amylase from saliva starts chemical digestion)
secretion - (saliva)
MADS

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15
Q

Why do you think pepsinogen is secreted from chief cells rather than the active form of the enzyme, pepsin?

A

if the active form was secreted in the gastric pit, it would start digesting the stomach walls… so converting it to the active form in the presence of acid in the stomach lumen sounds nicer

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16
Q

digested carbohydrates - what happens to them in the mouth?

A

mechanical breakdown, and salivary amylase starts to break down polysaccharides into disaccharides

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17
Q

digested carbohydrates - what happens to them in the stomach?

A

mechanical breakdown

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18
Q

digested carbohydrates - what happens to them in the small intestine?

A

pancreatic amylase breaks polysaccharides and oligosaccharides into disaccharides

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19
Q

digested carbohydrates - what happens to them in the Enterocytes (absorptive cells of the small intestine)?

A

brush-border enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides

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20
Q

digested carbohydrates - what is their final form and destination?

A

the monosaccharides created by enterocytes then enter blood vessels

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21
Q

digested proteins - what happens to them in the mouth?

A

mechanical breakdown

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22
Q

digested proteins - what happens to them in the stomach?

A

acid denatures proteins, and pepsin breaks proteins into polypeptides

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23
Q

digested proteins - what happens to them in the small intestine?

A

proteases break polypeptides into amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

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24
Q

digested proteins - what happens to them in the enterocytes?

A

peptidase further breaks some dipeptides and tripeptides into amino acids

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25
Q

digested proteins - what is their final form and destination?

A

amino acids and small peptides enter blood vessels

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26
Q

digested lipids - what happens to them in the mouth?

A

mechanical breakdown

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27
Q

digested lipids - what happens to them in the stomach?

A

mechanical breakdown

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28
Q

digested lipids - what happens to them in the small intestine?

A

bile salts emulsify lipids into smaller droplets.
pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids
bile salts form these into micelles

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29
Q

digested lipids - what happens to them in the enterocytes?

A

monoglyceride and fatty acids absorbed, cholesterol absorbed. inside cells triglycerides are reassembled and packed with cholesterol into chylomicrons. chylomicrons are then expelled by exocytosis

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30
Q

digested lipids - what is their final form and destination?

A

chylomicrons drain from extracellular fluid into lacteals - lymph drainage
short chain fatty acids diffuse into blood vessels

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31
Q

What is part of the cell membrane of an individual cell - microvilli, or villi?

A

microvilli are present on the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells (they’re also called the brush border)

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32
Q

which organ produces digestive enzymes - liver or pancreas?

A

pancreas

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33
Q

which nutrient can be absorbed when it is only partially digested - carbohydrates, or proteins?

A

proteins - can be absorbed as tripeptides, dipeptides and single amino acids, whereas carbohydrates have to be broken down into monosaccharides for absorption

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34
Q

which enzyme is found in the intestinal brush border, amylase or sucrase?

A

sucrase - it breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose. (amylase is produced in the saliva and by the pancreas, breaks down starch into maltose)

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35
Q

What is the difference between a micelle and a lipid droplet?

A

lipid droplets contain undigested triglycerides, whereas micelles contain triglycerides in their digested form (monoglyceride and fatty acids)

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36
Q

Why are most fats absorbed into lacteals instead of blood capillaries?

A

fats are absorbed into lacteals because they are packaged into chylomicrons, which are too large to enter capillaries

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37
Q

what organ secretes bile?

A

the liver (either secreted straight into the small intestine, or stored in the gall bladder)

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38
Q

what does bile do?

A

Bile salts in bile emulsify fats in the small intestine so they are accessible to digestive enzymes.

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39
Q

what are the two secretions from the pancreas?

A

pancreatic juice - contains bicarbonate to neutralise the acid chyme in the small intestine, and provides enzymes for the digestion of starch, polypeptides, and triglycerides
pancreatic hormones - help regulate blood glucose concentrations

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40
Q

is pancreatic juice or bile secreted by acinar glands?

A

pancreatic juice

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41
Q

Describe the path of fats from absorption to the liver

A
  • lipids are packaged into chylomicrons in the epithelial cells of the small intestine
  • they then enter the lymphatic system through lacteals, and are transported into the large veins via the thoracic duct.
  • they then travel through the systematic circulation and enter the liver through the hepatic artery.
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42
Q

what is bile produced by, secreted into, and then emptied into?

A
  • produced by hepatocytes, then secreted into bile canaliculi, which empty into bile ducts.
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43
Q

bile can be stored in the gall bladder, or directly secreted into the small intestine via…

A

the common bile duct

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44
Q

how are hepatocytes supplied with oxygen?

A

sinusoids - they carry arterial blood from the hepatic artery as a source of oxygen for hepatocytes. they also receive venous blood from the hepatic portal vein (lower in oxygen)

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45
Q

water soluble vitamins - what other substance is needed for absorption?

A

No specific substance needed, move by diffusion into blood. Exception is B12.

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46
Q

B12 - what other substance is needed for absorption?

A

water soluble, but needs to be bound to intrinsic factor, mostly absorbed in the ileum

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47
Q

fat soluble vitamins - what other substance is needed for absorption?

A

need fat for absorption into lymphatics

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48
Q

minerals - what other substance is needed for absorption?

A

none needed, it’s directly absorbed in small intestine

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49
Q

water - what other substance is needed for absorption?

A

none - moves by osmosis (affected by solute concentration though)

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50
Q

ruminants - the colonic epithelium does not produce enzymes, and accessory organs do not secrete into the colon. Does any chemical digestion occur in the colon? If so, how?

A

enzymatic (chemical) digestion does occur in the colon, but the enzymes are all from the microbes

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51
Q

When comparing hindgut fermentation with forestomach fermentation, which statement is TRUE?
1 - The microbial populations are considerably different, but the products of digestion are the same.
2 - The microbial populations are the same, but the products of digestion are considerably different.
3 - Both the microbial populations and the digestion products are similar.

A

3 - Both the microbial populations and the digestion products are similar.

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52
Q

true or false - Structural carbohydrates of plants are not digested by hindgut fermentation.

A

false - hindgut fermentation (and foregut fermentation) allows breakdown of structural carbohydrates (including cellulose) by microbial enzymes

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53
Q

What are the main products of microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in the large intestine? Can the animal use these?

A

volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are the product of microbial fermentation, and can be absorbed as an energy source. in the horse, VFAs can be the major energy source when they are on a high fibre diet

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54
Q

true or false - the large intestine of cats and dogs has no circular folds, villi, or microvilli. some microbial digestion occurs in the hindgut, but it is of little importance to the animal.

A

true - it’s also relatively short

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55
Q

why are there lots of goblet cells in the mucosa of the large intestine - to produce mucus to lubricate the mucosa surface, or to produce mucous to protect against acid?

A

the former - mucus helps lubricate the mucosal surface, so faeces can easily pass along.

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56
Q

which structure is primarily affected by the cephalic phase of digestion - intestine, or stomach?

A

the stomach - thinking of, smelling, or seeing food results in signals to the stomach to prepare for food. this is the cephalic phase of digestion

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57
Q

which hormone increases the activity of the gastric muscularis - gastrin, or secretin?

A

gastrin - encourages more contractions of the muscularis of the stomach

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58
Q

Which hormone stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion - Cholecystokinin (CCK) or Secretin?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK) - stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion to help digest peptides and sugars in the small intestine

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59
Q

Which hormone is released in response to decreased intestinal pH - gastrin or secretin?

A

secretin - this is released in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine. it stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas to buffer the acids

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60
Q

the sight, smell or thought of food gets the stomach prepared for the arrival of food… how?

A

with muscular contractions and secretion of acid and pepsinogen (this is the cephalic phase)

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61
Q

what cells secrete HCL, chief cells or parietal cells?

A

parietal cells

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62
Q

gastrin is released (from G cells) in response to….

A

stomach distension and the presence of peptides/amino acids

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63
Q

What are the main sources of energy in ruminants?

A

Volatile fatty acids - these are the byproduct of microbial fermentation of carbohydrates

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64
Q

What are proteins in ruminant diets broken down into extracellularly by peptidase - Pepsinogen, Propionate, or smaller peptides?

A

smaller peptides - peptidases released by rumen proteolyctic bacteria break down proteins to form small peptide chains

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65
Q

true or false - enzymes are not involved in fermentative digestion

A

false - microbial enzymes are part of fermentative digestion

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66
Q

What is the benefit of recycling large amounts of urea in ruminant animals?

A

urea is a waste product of amino acid metabolism, but microorganisms can convert urea into ammonium, which can be converted into amino acids then used to make microbial protein. when this ends up in the small intestine it can be broken down and absorbed

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67
Q

what is the purpose of rumination?

A

rumination brings ingested food back up from the reticulum into the mouth. additional saliva and continued chewing help to break the course plant materials down further before it is reswallowed

68
Q

what is the function of the rumenoreticulum?

A

Microbial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, protein and fats occurs here. The normal diet is usually plant-based.

69
Q

what is the function of the Oesophageal groove?

A

In milk-fed calves, this forms a tube so milk can pass directly to the omasum (which is not well developed in the milk fed calf), and into the abomasum.

70
Q

what is the function of the omasum?

A

The omasum has a large surface area, allowing absorption of water, electrolytes, and VFAs. Some fermentation occurs here too.

71
Q

what is the function of the abomasum?

A

This is the “true” stomach of the ruminant, with acid and pepsinogen secretion, and churning and mixing. Unlike carnivores, it is not a storage site for ingesta.

72
Q

How do animals using fermentative digestion obtain their energy?

A

most energy is obtained from volatile fatty acids (VFAs), which result from microbial fermentation of carbohydrates (mainly structural carbohydrates from plants) in the forestomach

73
Q

what is this? “the act of coughing up and spitting out mucus, phlegm or other substances from the respiratory tract”

A

expectoration

74
Q

what is this? “the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth (and sometimes nose)”

A

vomiting

75
Q

what is this? “a passive process whereby food is effortlessly brought back up into the mouth without reaching the lower digestive tract”

A

regurgitation

76
Q

what is emesis?

A

another word for vomiting

77
Q

what is a reflex?

A

an involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus, that occurs without conscious thought.

78
Q

what are the three stages vomiting occurs in?

A
  • nausea
  • retching (unsuccessful attempts to vomit)
  • vomiting
79
Q

how would you know that an animal is feeling nauseous?

A

they’re often quiet, and may hypersalivate (this shows up as repeated swallowing and/or lip licking)

80
Q

what is the humoral pathway of the vomiting reflex?

A

involves stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ) in the brainstem. The CRTZ has free nerve endings in direct contact with blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which are stimulated by conditions affecting the blood or CSF. Examples include drugs, bacterial infections, acid-base or electrolyte imbalances.

81
Q

what does humoral mean?

A

humoral = circulating in body fluids, especially blood.

82
Q

what’s the neural pathway of the vomiting reflex?

A

involves activation of the vomiting centre, a group of nuclei in the brainstem. The vomiting centre receives input from multiple locations - higher brain centres, vestibular system, CRTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone), and receptors and afferent neurons in the digestive and urinary tracts

83
Q

part of the vomiting reflex involves closing the epiglottis and pressing the soft palate up against the nasopharynx. what are the advantages of this?

A

this stops acidic gastric contents being inhaled into the airways - this reflex does not happen with regurgitation, which means those animals have a higher chance of aspirational pneumonia (damage to lung tissue) than animals with vomiting diseases

84
Q

is it vomiting or regurgitating, or can’t you tell?
- occurs shortly after eating, acidic pH of material, large volume of material

A

can’t tell - could be either

85
Q

what is Expectoration?

A

Expectoration is what an animal brings up when it coughs - stimulation of the pharynx in this situation leads to gagging, which owners can confuse with vomiting.

86
Q

horses are condition scored by assessing the amount of fat present over the neck, ribs, back, and pelvis. the scale is 1 to…

A

1-9 (1 being poor, 9 extremely fat)

87
Q

sheep are condition scored by…

A

a hand is placed over the lumbar vertebrae and attention is paid to the amount of fat cover and muscle over the spinous and transverse processes of these vertebrae. 1-5 scale

88
Q

Cattle are condition scored on a scale of 1-10, where 1 is emaciated, and 10 is obese. The process of condition scoring involves assessing the amount of fat cover over eight different parts of the body - what are they?

A

ribs, transverse processes, spinous processes, tuber coxae, rump, thigh, tuber coxae, ischiatic tuberosity, ischiorectal fossa

89
Q

there are two different types of smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal tract - what is peristaltic contractions?

A

wave like contractions that move along the gastrointestinal tract, propelling food along

90
Q

there are two different types of smooth muscle contraction in the gastrointestinal tract - what are segmentation contractions?

A

they are regular contractions (not a wave) that help to mix ingesta with gastrointestinal secretions

91
Q

what is borborygmi?

A

the gurgling sound created by the movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract (gut sounds). can be auscultated with a stethoscope

92
Q

what is gastrointestinal motility?

A

the movement of ingesta along the gastrointestinal tract as a result of peristaltic contractions

93
Q

potential consequences of hypomotility of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

incomplete mixing of food with digestive enzymes/secretions, leading to impaired digestion, reduced absorption of nutrients and subsequently weight loss. constipation, abdominal pain, gas, occasionally vomiting. borborygmi may be reduced or absent

94
Q

what are some potential consequences of hypermotility of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

faster transit times of ingesta, less time for water absorption = diarrhoea and dehydration. nutrients and electrolytes may not be absorbed sufficiently, leading to weight loss, nutritional and electrolyte imbalances. borborygmi may be increased in frequency and intensity.

95
Q

information that can be gathered through abdominal palpation includes:

A

Size and location of abdominal organs.
Texture of the organ or edges of the organ.
Presence of pain on palpation of the region/organ.

96
Q

which organs would you expect to be palpable in healthy cats and dogs, out of: gall bladder, intestines, liver, pancreas, stomach?

A
  • only intestines
97
Q

what do you expect the small intestine to feel like?

A

long muscular tube, fairly soft and uniform in diameter along it’s length

98
Q

what would you expect the large intestine to feel like?

A

long muscular tube 2.0, fairly uniform along it’s length, wider diameter. thinner wall and contains more solid faeces (can be palpable) and gas

99
Q

what would normally be palpable at the left paralumbar fossa on a ruminant?

A

the doughy consistency of the fibre mat, and there may also be a gas filled region (gas cap) dorsally

100
Q

which digestive organs could be reached via rectal palpation of a healthy cow - abomasum, liver, omasum, reticulum, rumen, small intestine?

A

small intestine (when dilated) and rumen, usually not the caecum and abomasum but if distended you can

101
Q

horses - caecum, large colon, small colon, small intestine, root of mesentery, spleen, left kidney - are these palpable rectally, or not?

A

yup (but terms and conditions apply, eg small intestine only when distended and only pelvic flexure of large colon)

102
Q

structures that can be palpated rectally in small animals?

A

the rectal wall, anal sacs and circumanal glands

103
Q

blockage of anal sac ducts is a common problem for dogs (but not cats). what signs would you expect to see in a dog with anal sac ducts?

A
  • scooting/dragging bottom along the ground
  • excessive licking of the anus
  • pain while defaecating (for example, crying out)
104
Q

Dogs (but not cats) also have lobulated, modified sebaceous glands located in a ring about the anus - these are known as circumanal glands. To a lesser degree these glands may also be found in other body regions, such as the base of the tail, vulva and prepuce. The exact function of these glands is unknown.. when are they palpable?

A

Circumanal glands are usually only palpable if they become enlarged due to cancer - which does happen relatively commonly.

105
Q

humoral pathway, or neural pathway? signals sent to chemoreceptor trigger zone, indirectly triggers vomiting reflex

A

humoral pathway

106
Q

neural pathway, or humoral pathway? singals sent directly to vomiting centre, directly triggers vomiting reflex

A

neural pathway

107
Q

why is motility of the gastrointestinal tract important?

A

essential for the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, with the elimination of wastes.

108
Q

what is the purpose of inserting a nasogastric or orogastric tube into an animal?

A

Passing a nasogastric or orogastric tube may help to relieve stomach distension by removing excessive gas or fluid. It also enables collection of fluid samples from the stomach for analysis, and to deliver medication, food or fluids to the stomach or rumen.

109
Q

what four structures does a nasogastric tube pass through on the way to the stomach?

A

nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oesophagus, cardiac sphincter

110
Q

Why do we usually deliver fluids to cattle via orogastric tube, whereas in small animals we use IV fluids?

A

cattle have a much bigger fluid component, many many bags and large catheters would be needed. vs an orogastric tube, where 20L can easily and quickly be added to the rumen

111
Q

hydration or water balance - adequate water levels in the body to support normal physiological functions?

A

hydration definition

112
Q

hydration or fluid balance - regulation of water and electrolytes in various body compartments?

A

fluid balance definition

113
Q

Fluid balance involves processes such as water intake, absorption, distribution and excretion. which organs make a significant contribution to fluid balance in the body - heart, kidneys, small intestine, large intestine?

A

kidneys, large and small intestine

114
Q

what are the various methods to assess the hydration status of an animal?

hint, 6

A
  • mucous membranes (dry/sticky/tacky)
  • eyes (sunken)
  • heart rate (increased)
  • urine (more concentrated)
  • blood tests
  • skin turgor
115
Q

what is the function of the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels through the secretion of hormones - insulin and glucagon

116
Q

what is the function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

the exocrine pancreas secretes digestive juices containing water, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes into ducts that empty into the small intestine

117
Q

what are acinar cells?

A

closely packed cells that make up the exocrine portion of the pancreas, which secrete digestive enzyme-rich fluid into the pancreatic duct and from there, the small intestine for food digestion

118
Q

what is not found in normal faeces - bacteria, parasites, fibre, mucous, bile, undigested food, blood, electrolytes, epithelial cells, water?

A
  • blood and parasites are not ideal
119
Q

what is an exploratory laparotomy?

A

a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity - the purpose is to directly and systematically assess the abdominal organs to identify abnormalities.

120
Q

what is the midline approach to a exploratory laparotomy?

A

In hospital situations under general anaesthesia, the incision is usually made on the ventral midline from xiphoid to pubis

121
Q

Which tissue layer is incised to enter the abdominal cavity on the ventral midline?

A

the linea alba

122
Q

Why do you think that access to the abdominal cavity is made on the ventral midline through the linea alba tissue layer?

A

it’s connective tissue - relatively avascular (doesn’t bleed much), and the ventral midline allows good access to abdominal organs with minimal disruption to muscles (don’t have to cut through all the layers of abdominal muscle), nerves, and blood vessels

123
Q

what connects the intestine to the body wall and contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?

A

mesentery

124
Q

what is the flank approach to an exploratory laparatomy?

A

can be carried out in the field (eg on a cow) under local anaesthesia and restraint while animal is standing - faster recovery, cheaper, less equipment needed. area numbed, incision made between the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the last rib

125
Q

is the spleen more accessible on a cow via a left or right flank incision?

A

left, along with rumen and reticulum

126
Q

are the small intestines more accessible on a cow via left or right flank incision?

A

right, along with the caecum and omasum

127
Q

How does measurement of digestive enzymes in the blood help to assess the structure of the exocrine pancreas?

A

the exocrine pancreas is what secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine, but if it’s damaged the enzymes can seep into the bloodstream instead - lots of digestive enzymes in the blood = possible pancreatic damage or dysfunction

128
Q

what is the purpose of caeotrophs for rabbits?

A

caeotrophs are soft, mucus-covered pellets that are ruch in nutrients for re-ingestion. they are a function of a hindgut fermenter, allowing access to nutrients that were not available on the first pass through the digestive system

129
Q

what part of the digestive system is in the thoracic cavity?

A

the oesophagus

130
Q

what radiodensity is the oesophagus?

A

soft tissue/fluid - hard to identify on a radiograph

131
Q

is the oesophagus located in the dorsal or ventral part of the thorax?

A

dorsal half

132
Q

What digestive organ(s) lie adjacent to the diaphragm?

A

the stomach and liver

133
Q

What side of the midline is the fundus of the stomach normally located?

A

the left side

134
Q

What side of the midline is the pylorus of the stomach normally located?

A

the right side

135
Q

What radiodensity is the stomach lumen?

A

soft tissue/fluid, but often also air from the gas

136
Q

when the dog is in left lateral recumbency (right facing up) which part of the stomach will be filled with gas - the pylorus, or the fundus?

A

the pylorus

137
Q

Based on positioning and stomach contents, how many radiographic views should we take of the stomach to see all areas?

A

3 or 4 - left lateral and right lateral recumbency, as well as DV and/or VD

138
Q

What information can a radiograph give us about the structure of the stomach?

A

the stomach size, and an idea of the density of it’s contents

139
Q

What information can a radiograph give us about the function of the stomach?

A

not much (motility/digestive ability isn’t visible in a photo) but severe distension can suggest functional impairment

140
Q

how is the liver attached to the diaphragm?

A

coronary ligament

141
Q

how is the liver attached to the right kidney? (the more cranial one)

A

by the hepatorenal ligament

142
Q

how is the liver attached to the stomach?

A

lesser omentum (hepatogastric ligament)

143
Q

how is the liver attached to the abdominal wall?

A

by the falciform ligament

144
Q

Would you expect the liver to be in the same place on radiographs, or is it mobile?

A

extremely well attached to one place, has a shit ton of attachments

145
Q

is connective tissue and epithelial tissue found in the liver?

A

yup

146
Q

what are sinusoids?

A

very leaky capillaries, eg found in the liver

147
Q

normal liver lobes - bumpy and rounded edges, or smooth with tapered edges?

A

smooth with tapered edges

148
Q

What information can a radiograph give us about the structure of the liver?

A

it can pick up on if it’s unusually large or small, but that’s about it

149
Q

What information can a radiograph give us about the function of the liver?

A

approximately fuck all, however an extremely small liver may suggest reduced function (size does matter?)

150
Q

Would you expect the gall bladder to be consistently visible on radiographs?

A

no - it’s located between the liver lobes, has soft tissue/fluid radiodensity which is the same as the liver

151
Q

Where is the small intestine located - caudal or mid abdomen?

A

mid abdomen

152
Q

Would you expect the small intestine to be in the same place on radiographs, or is it mobile?

A

the small intestines are only attached at one location (old mate mesentary), and the distance between the root of the mesentary and the lumen of the small intestines is quite long - they’re easily displaced by other organs

153
Q

Does the diameter of the small intestine remain consistent for an individual animal?

A

the diameter varies depending on the stage of peristalsis, and the contents

154
Q

Which intestinal muscles contract to cause the movement of peristalsis - longitudinal, or circumferential?

A

longitudinal muscles contract to force ingesta along, while the circumferential muscles relax

155
Q

What information can a radiograph give us about the structure of the small intestine?

A

very significant structural changes eg a massive cancer, and not much else. changes to intestinal wall etc can’t be seen

156
Q

What information can a radiograph give us about the function of the small intestine?

A

nothing directly, but may see changes as a result of dysfunction ie distension and gas because of poor motility

157
Q

Where is the large intestine located within the abdomen?

A

trick question - goes from right mid abdomen cranially as the ascending colon, across the cranial abdomen from right to left as transverse colon, then down the left length of the abdomen caudally as the descending colon

158
Q

true or false - the caecum, ascending, transverse and descending colon are in relatively fixed positions on a radiograph?

A

true

159
Q

What radiodensity is the large intestinal lumen?

A

the large intestine contains formed faeces and air - this provides a mix of air and soft tissue/mineral radiodensities

160
Q

How is the large intestine attached to the body wall?

A

via the mesocolon

161
Q

Would you expect the large intestine to be in the same place on radiographs, or is mobile?

A

same place, unless another organ is massive and has displaced it

162
Q

What information can a radiograph give us about the structure and function of the large intestine?

A

….not much. but it’s position can be a helpful insight on surrounding structures.

163
Q

Why do we take a minimum of three abdominal views when investigating the digestive system?

A

orthogonal views (lateral and ventral/dorsal views) are required to ensure the objects of interest are inside the abdominal cavity, and not outside - the two laterals also mean that the gas can fill both the fundus and the pyloric regions of the stomach, providing contrast to highlight any potential obstructions in the stomach.

164
Q

What are non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs)?

A

a form of fatty acid that circulates in the bloodstream bound to albumin, a carrier protein. this allows them to be transported to various tissues in the body.

165
Q

What are the three potential metabolic paths that NEFAs in hepatocytes (liver cells) may follow?

A
  1. oxidation for energy production
  2. esterification to form triglycerides
  3. production of ketone bodies

veterinary science 2.1 (22 decks)

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