agronomy and pasture Flashcards
what is perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, fescue, brome, browntop, and kikuyu classified as?
grass
what is white clover, red clover, lucerne, and trefoil classified as?
a legume
what is chicory, plantain, yarrow and sheep’s burnet classified as?
a herb
what is brassica (turnips, kale, swedes, radish), maize, sorghum, millet, and cereal (wheat, oats, barley) classified as?
a crop
what lives annual only (from 3-6 months) - grass, legume, herb, crop?
crop
what lives between 1-2 years to >5 years - grass, legume, herb, crop?
herb
what lives several years to decades - grass, legume, herb, crop?
legume
what generally lives for decades, although there are some annual species that live for 8-12 months (and rely on producing seed that then germinates in future years) - grass, legume, herb, crop?
grass
what does the term alternative forages refer to?
pasture species other than perennial ryegrass and white clover
pasture yield is expressed on a ____ basis?
dry matter (DM) basis
Perennial ryegrass and white clover are the most commonly sown (i.e. planted) species in temperate regions of the world, which includes NZ. but specific to NZ hill country pastures, what is the major species?
browntop (hills are too hard to replant with p. ryegrass)
what are the three main reasons for growing crop or alternative forages?
- to feed animals during times of pasture shortage
- to increase animal performance
- in climatic conditions unsuitable for perennial ryegrass and white clover
Silage and hay, along with other non-pasture feed types, are collectively known as……
‘supplements’, since they supplement the pasture that is grown on the farm.
what is “food for grazing animals that is consumed by browsing or grazing; includes pastures and crops?”
forage
what is “small plants grown for use by grazing animals, usually ‘permanent’ (last for many years). Includes grasses, legumes and herbs.”
pasture
what are “larger plants that are grown to feed grazing animals. Short lived”
crops
what are non-pasture feed types that are fed to supplement the pasture that is grown on the farm?
supplements
Which are the most commonly grown temperate pasture species?
perennial ryegrass and white clover
which is not conserved forage - fresh pasture, turnip crop, silage, hay, molasses?
fresh pasture, turnip crop, molasses
The optimum temperature for overall growth and function of temperate pasture species is between….
13 to 25 decrees C (lower limit ~5 degrees C, upper limit ~35 degrees C)
The overall yield of pasture on an annual basis is mostly driven by…..
temperature (with rainfall also playing a role)
On NZ farms, what is consumption of home-grown feed a major driver of - productivity, sustainability, efficiency, profitability?
profitability
a typical pattern of pasture growth in NZ would be highest in ______ and lowest in _______?
highest in spring, lowest in winter
There are four broad objectives to implementing grazing management on farm, and these are…..
- production
- persistance
- nutritive value
- high consumption of pasture by stock
The two most important aspects to grazing management are…
- rotation (how often grazing occurs)
- residual (how much of the plant is left after grazing)
At a very basic level, pasture production or yield is a product of the three following:
- Tiller density (which is influenced directly by grazing rotation and residual, along with nitrogen)
- Number of leaves per tiller (which is determined by grazing rotation)
- Leaf size (which is influenced directly by nitrogen, along with grazing rotation and residual)
what are non structural carbohydrates?
carbohydrates (sugars) produced by photosynthesis