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ANHB1101 > Reproduction - Female > Flashcards

Reproduction - Female Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

A
  • produce gametes
  • transport gametes for fertilisation
  • provide a receptacle for fertilisation
  • embryogenesis and fetal development
  • give birth
  • nurture the newborn
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2
Q

What are the two main areas of the ovary?

A
  • ovarian medulla (inner, blood supply enters then branches out)
  • ovarian cortex (outer, most process occur here)
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3
Q

What cell types are present in a follicle?

A
  • thecal cells - outer

- granulosa cells - inner

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4
Q

Development of a follicle

A

Primary follicle
Secondary follicle (first meiotic division completed)
Graafian follicle

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5
Q

What do ovarian follicles do?

A
  • house and nurture oocytes

- secretes estradiol and inhibit for the first half of the cycle

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6
Q

What is the Corpus luteum formed from?

A

Thecal and granulosa cells of the follicle

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7
Q

What does the Corpus luteum regress to?

A

Corpus albicans

Regresses after 10-12 days

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8
Q

Where does fertilisation normally take place?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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9
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

The narrow part of the uterine tube

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10
Q

What are the types of cells found in the uterine tube?

A

Ciliated: transports egg and embryo
Secretory: secrete early nourishment for a newly formed embryo

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11
Q

What parts make up the uterus?

A

Myometrium: outer muscle wall
Endometrium: inner lining

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the endometrium?

A
  • rich blood supply

- highly glandular

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13
Q

Why are changes in the endometrium cyclic?

A

Because is require a metabolic investment to maintain

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14
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the uterus?

A 
Simple columnar (ciliated)
Secretory cells
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15
Q

What are the stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual
Proliferative
Secretory
Premenstrual

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16
Q

Menstrual phase

A

Functional layer breaks down
Glands break down
Edema (fluid)

17
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Functional layer increasing in height (proliferating)

Small glands rounded in shape

18
Q

Secretory phase

A

Functional layer well built up
Glands are very long and elongated
Lots of secretory product
Highly vascular

19
Q

Premenstrual phase

A

Endometrial ischemia (interrupted blood flow)

20
Q

What is the effect of taking the contraceptive pill?

A

Leads to constant, relatively high levels of progesterone and estrogen in the blood

21
Q

Contraceptive pill: what effects do relatively high levels of progesterone and estrogen have?

A

Exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary decreasing GnRH, LH and FSH

22
Q

What effect does the combined pill have on follicular development?

A

Follicular development is inhibited

23
Q

What happens when a woman takes the placebo pill?

A

Blood levels of progesterone and estrogen decline

24
Q

How long after starting the placebo pills would you expect menstruation to start?

A

2 days, it takes that long for blood levels to fall sufficiently for menstruation to start

25
Q

What are the two type of epithelium found in the cervix?

A
  • simple columnar (uterine side)

- stratified squamous (vaginal side)

26
Q

Progesterone cervical mucus

A

Sticky and clumpy, prevents sperm and pathogens from going into the uterus

27
Q

Estrogen cervical mucus

A

Viscous and thin, easy for spero to pass through

28
Q

What type of epithelium does the vagina contain?

A

Stratified squamous

29
Q

What do specialised epithelial cells in the vagina do?

A

Accumulate glycogen which:

  • converted to lactic acid
  • acidic pH
  • inhibits pathogen growth
30
Q

Follicular phase

A

1-12
Estradiol
Negative
Menstrual and proliferar stages

31
Q

Ovulation

A 
12-14
Estradiol
Positive 
Proliferano phase
Thin and watery (estrogen)
32
Q

Luteal phase

A 
14-28
Progesterone and estradiol
Negative
Secretory and premenstrual phases 
Thick and viscous (progesterone)
33
Q

What effect does inhibin have?

A
  • exerts negative feedback on the secretion of FSH
  • decreases FSH
  • so that all but the dominant follicle, which has the most FSH receptors, degenerate
34
Q

Homologous nature of male and female reproductive systems

A
  • an embryo in the early stages (weeks 5-6) has reproductive structures, ducts and Honda that can develop into male or female system
  • once the genes determining sex are expressed, the appropriate structures will remain and the others will degenerate, and the primitive gonads will develop into ovaries or testes
35
Q

Examples of homologous nature of reproductive system

A

Urogenital fold: a structure that becomes the spongy urethra in the males of the labia minora in the females
Labioscrotal area: a structure that becomes the scrotum in the males or the labia majora in the females

36
Q

What causes positive feedback?

A

Rising estradiol levels driven by the dominant follicle

37
Q

What occurs because of the positive feedback?

A

LH surge and smaller spike of FHS

38
Q

What are the hormone levels in the luteal phase?

A
  • increasing progesterone from Corpus luteum
  • estradiol levels high compared to early follicular phase
  • LH and FSH levels low due to negative feedback
39
Q

What stages of meiosis does oogenesis pause in?

A

Prophase I

Metaphase II

ANHB1101 (20 decks)

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