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Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A
  • digestive epithelium
  • respiratory epithelium
  • secretory cells of digestive glands including liver and pancreas
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2
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A
  • skeleton
  • muscles
  • connective tissue
  • dermis of the skin
  • circulatory system
  • urinary system
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3
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

Nervous tissue

  • epidermis
  • epidermal derivatives
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4
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental agents that increase the incidence of congenital abnormalities

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5
Q

Evolutionary significance of morning sickness

A
  • teratogens are especially harmful to a very early foetus

- morning sickness makes the woman feel sick to prevent the intake of pathogens that could act as teratogens

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6
Q

Cleavage

A
  • mitotic division of the newly formed embryo
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7
Q

Features of the blastocyst

A

Inner cell mass
Trophoblast
Blastocoele

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8
Q

Why does hatching occur?

A

Fluid pumping increases the size of the blastocyst

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9
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

A
  • prevents implantation in uterine tube

- prevents polyspermy

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10
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

6-12 says approx

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11
Q

Differentiation of the trophoblast

A

Syncytiotrophoblast - replicates quickly, invades the endometrium and goes though to the underlying stroma
Cytotrophoblast - non-invading part of the trophoblast

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12
Q

What are the trophoblastic lacunae filled with?

A

Uterine milk

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13
Q

What does uterine milk do?

A

Provides early nourishment to embryo

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14
Q

What is a characteristic of syncytiotrophoblast?

A
  • multinucleate
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15
Q

What are the bilaminar layers of the embryo?

A

Epiblast - inner, blue

Hypoblast, outer, yellow

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16
Q

Where is the amniotic cavity

A

With the epiblast (blue)

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17
Q

How does the primary yolk sac form?

A

Hypoblast cells migrate around the edges of the cytotrophoblast

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18
Q

Which cells form the exraembryonic mesoderm?

A

Epiblast

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19
Q

What cavity does the extraembyronic mesoderm form?

A

Chorionic cavity

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20
Q

What is the process of gastrulation?

A

Bilaminar embryo becomes trilaminar

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21
Q

When is the embryo bilaminar?

A

Second week

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22
Q

When is the embryo trilaminar?

A

3rd week

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23
Q

Where does the primitive streak form?

A

Back end of the epiblast

24
Q

What does the primitive streak consist of?

A

Primitive groove
Primitive pit
Primitive node

25
When does the blastocyst hatch from the zona pellucida?
Day 6
26
What does the hypoblast get displaced by?
Epiblast cells, forms difinitive endoderm
27
What happens during gastrulation?
Migration of epiblast cells to form endoderm | Migration of epiblast cells to form embryonic mesoderm
28
What do the mesoderm cells do?
- proliferate - differentiate - induce other cells to differentiate
29
Notochord
- part where the mesoderm doesn't form - originates at the primitive groove - chord like structure, grows forwards towards the head
30
What determines the head end of the embryo?
The growth of the notochord
31
What are the oral and cloacal membranes?
Other areas where the mesoderm doesn't form
32
Neuralation
- notochord forms- sends signals to the overlying ectoderm to proliferate and differentiate - two folds appear - referred to as the neural groove before tube forms
33
Where do neural crest cells originate from?
Crests of the neural tube
34
What to neural crest cells form?
- melanocytes of skin - Adrenal medulla - dorsal root ganglia
35
What does the neural tube give rise to?
All parts of the brain and nervous system
36
What happens to the cranial and caudal neuropores?
Remain open | Continuous with amniotic fluid
37
How does the neural groove close?
Starts in the middle and continues in both directions
38
What disease is caused by the failure of the neural tube/neural pores to close?
Spina bifida/ anencephaly
39
Where do somites develop from?
Mesoderm
40
What are the types of somites?
Sclerotome Dermatome Myotome
41
Sclerotome
Bones of axial skeleton
42
Dermatome
CT of skins (dermis)
43
Myotome
Skeletal muscles of body, head and limbs
44
When does head tail folding occur?
Day 22
45
What is folding initiated by?
Rapid growth of the neuroectoderm, differential growth in different parts of the embryo
46
Embryonic folding
- replication of cells at the cranial end occurs more quickly than at the caudal end - this leads to head tail folding
47
What happens to the heart bulge?
Initially goes towards cranial end, as folding occurs it moves back in the direction of the caudal end
48
What does the mesoderm develop into?
Paraxial mesoderm (somites) Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
49
What is paraxial mesoderm also known as?
Somites
50
Paraxial mesoderm
- axial skeleton - voluntary muscles - parts of the dermis
51
Intermediate mesoderm
- urinary system | - parts of the genital system
52
Lateral plate mesoderm
- most smooth muscle - most connective tissue - cardiovascular system
53
When does gastrulation start?
Day 14-15
54
What are intergrins?
A type of cell-adhesion molecule
55
What are intergrins important for?
The binding of the blastocyst to the endometrium
56
What are some epidermal derivatives?
- sweat and sebaceous glands - hairs and hair follicles - mammary glands - nails

ANHB1101 (20 decks)

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