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Reproduction and surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Rabbit kit feeding

A

Normally fed once daily, often at night

Doe will go out to graze

Stress or disturbance can lead to abandonment or infanticide

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2
Q

Hand rearing rabbits and hares

A

Cat milk replacer ‘cimicat’

tend to have a guarded to poor prognosis

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3
Q

Unneutered behavioural problems in rabbits

A

Grumpy - split personality

territorial, hard to bond

biting and aggression

urine spraying

large dulap in females

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4
Q

Advantages of neutering rabbits

A

reduces aggression (both sexes)

reduces risk of adenocarcinoma

allows true pair to be kept together

eliminates sexual frustration

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5
Q

Disadvantages of neutering rabbits

A

Increases risk of obesity (if fed excessive concentrates)

reduces territory marking, so increasing filling of bladder and potential risk of cystitis/sludge

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6
Q

Uterine adenocarcinoma in rabbits

A

Very common in unspayed females (>3yrs)

primary may be small

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7
Q

Reproductive considerations in guinea pigs

A

Females may be pregnant when rehomed as hit puberty early

pelvis will fuse at 12mo at the latest

same sex groups can be kept together as long as there are none of the opposite sex around

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8
Q

Pregnancy toxaemia in guinea pigs

A

Obese sows late pregnancy or post part.

prognosis very poor, drop in glucose and increase in ketone production

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9
Q

Signs of pregnancy toxaemia in guinea pigs

A

Collapse
ketonuria
proteinuria
urinary pH acidic (normal for herbivore 8-8.5)

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10
Q

Treatment for pregnancy toxaemia in guinea pigs

A

Warm fluids, oral glucose, corticosteroids

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11
Q

Abortion/caesareans in guinea pigs

A

common if litter are large

single young may be very large

breeding post the pelvis fusing will require caesarean

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12
Q

Neutering guinea pigs

A

Herbivore abdomens can form adhesions

males have an open inguinal ring - scrotal or abdominal techniques

females may be spayed midline or flank, consider using haemoclips

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13
Q

Caesarean sections in chinchillas

A

always give birth in early hours of the day

single pups can be difficult

can get pregnancy toxaemia

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14
Q

Gestation periods of small furries

A

Chinchillas>degus>guinea pigs> rabbits/other rodents

Chinchilla is 111 days

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15
Q

Neutering chinchillas

A

Often requested to prevent more litters

All rodents have an open inguinal ring

do not allow sand bath for several days post surgery

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16
Q

Mammary tumours in small rodents

A

Usually benign in the rat

usually malignant in the mouse

hormonally driven

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17
Q

Pyometra in small rodents

A

common in syrian hamsters

care to distinguish from normal ‘in season’ discharge - smell is different and the discharge is purulent

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18
Q

Ovaries and uterus in small rodents

A

cystic ovaries fairly common in female hamsters

fresh blood in the urine in rats and mice often indicates a uterine tumour

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19
Q

Neutering small rodents

A

May be requested to prevent tumours

May be indicated to treat disease (ovarian/uterine)

may be indicated to reduce aggression

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20
Q

Control of oestrus in the ferret

A

Best option now: Suprelorin implant, lasts 2-3 years, avoids hyperadrenocorticism

Other options: jill jab- proligestone, vasectomised hob

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21
Q

Vasectomy in ferrets

A

Easier in mature ferrets

take as long a section as possible and crush and tie off both ends

send of removed sections for histo to check

will bruise post surgery so need good pain relief

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22
Q

Sugar gliders reproductive anatomy

A

The female sugar glider has two uteri and two vaginas that enter into a common pouch divided by a septum or membrane. Female gliders possess a pouch with four teats where their babies develop. The gestation period, or length of pregnancy, is about 15-17 days.

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23
Q

Castration of sugar gliders

A

Complete ablation

Care re sutures and self mutilation

24
Q

Courtship behaviour in birds

A

Mutual feeding
mutual preening
nest building
calling

25
Seasonal feather picking in birds
Normal to clear a 'brood pouch' on belly Frustrated birds may carry on up onto chest and carpi Birds may squat to be mated
26
What to do if a bird is exhibiting behavioural changes related to reproduction
Provide a nest box Nesting material if appropriate give in to temporary behavioural changes do not remove any eggs produced or replace with dummy eggs
27
How to get bird ovaries to regress
Reduce photoperiod reduce interaction with owner reduce calorie density of diet OR: suprelorin implant under isoflurane
28
How long does a suprelorin implant last in a bird
3-12 months
29
Egg/ovarian stasis in birds
Birds may present, fluffed up and on the cage floor Secondary affects of straining: hernia, prolapse Ovistasis can lead to: egg peritonitis, oedema, ovarian disease
30
Egg lethargy/exhaustion in birds
Mainly noticed in birds of prey 1-2 days of inactivity and 'depression' nutritional and supplementary support
31
Egg peritonitis signs in birds
Dull, anorexic swollen abdomen May or may not be a history of egg production may have yolk like or purulent fluid in coelom on needle tap
32
Treatment of egg peritonitis in pet birds
Antibiotics support feeding if necessary if coelom distended, draw off ascitic fluid reduce photoperiod reduce breeding stimuli consider implant(suprelorin) or salpingohysterectomy prognosis is very guarded
33
Soft shelled eggs in birds
Often with first egg of the season if it persists may be a dietary problem remember the viruses
34
Egg binding in birds
associated with hypocalcaemia/hypoglycaemia mass in pelvis prolonged season of egg laying (often eggs removed by owner large or deformed egg
35
Egg binding treatment
Confirm by radiography Give calcium +/- calories (food) in most cases the egg will be laid within 24 hours oxytocin- can cause violent contractions and profound cardiac effects. egg normally passed very quickly
36
Surgical treatment of egg binding
Implode egg and extraction per cloacam - used if medical therapy hasn't worked - used if egg is adhered/stuck/too large Coeliotomy (caesarean section) - used if the oviduct is twisted or the egg too firmly adhered
37
Prolapse in birds
Cloacal prolapse may be associated with egg production Check for other causes if only the cloaca is involved, the prognosis is better lubricate, replace, purse string suture, medicate
38
Neutering birds
Feasible in both sexes Ovary very difficult to remove - salpingohysterectomy High mortality rate 75%; high complication rate
39
Suprelorin: desorelin implant in birds
GnRH agonist: at low levels inhibits production/release of LH/FSH Used in birds to control continuous egg laying and male sexual behaviour/aggression GA enables painless and careful placement of implant Lasts 3-12 months
40
Artificial incubation and hatching of reptiles
Bury eggs in sterile sand - DO NOT turn eggs Don't let humidity drop too far Temperature according to sex requirements Increase humidity for hatching
41
Pre-ovulatory follicular stasis in tortoises
Diagnose using US and bloods Treatment: - medical management - oesophageal tube often used - ovisalpingectomy
42
Blood results of a tortoise with pre-ovulatory follicular stasis
High total protein High cholesterol High calcium
43
Egg binding in tortoises
Confirm by radiography - number of eggs - size in relation to pelvis - any deformed eggs Give calcium before oxytocin
44
Possible causes of cloacal prolapse in tortoises
Egg binding Heavy worm burden Protozoal infection: gut or bladder
45
How to reduce a cloacal prolapse in tortoises
When placing sutures: remember cloaca is a slit, no suitable for purse string suture
46
Phallus prolapse in tortoises
Replace and retain with suture, or amputate it depending on how long it has been out
47
Egg binding in snakes
Diagnose by palpation and radiography Treat with calcium then oxytocin Some becomes surgical as they have been left too long
48
Egg binding in lizards
Females often produce eggs, even with no male, if they are well fed and photoperiod appropriate Ensure appropriate substrate/humidity Treat with calcium than oxytocin, or surgery Ensure the clutch is ready for laying, will be ok if left to check
49
Phallus and cloacal prolapse in lizard and snake
Find the cause Lubricate, replace, secure If phallus - amputate
50
Common reproductive problems in amphibians and fish
Ovistasis Cloacal/rectal prolapse
51
Choice of suture patterns
Internally: simple interrupted/transfixing Muscle: simple continuous Skin: - mammals: simple continuous intradermal, simple interrupted, cruciate - Birds: simple interrupted, cruciate - reptiles: horizontal (parallel) mattress
52
Rate of healing in soft tissue/skin in mammals
10-14 days
53
Rate of healing in soft tissue/skin in birds
7-10 days
54
Rate of healing in soft tissue/skin in reptiles
Soft tissue: 10-14 days Skin: 1 month, secondary healing maybe longer
55
Comparative rates of orthopaedic healing

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