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Bird diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Common nutritional diseases in caged birds (4)

A
  • iodine deficiency
  • vit A deficiency
  • calcium deficiency
  • obesity
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2
Q

Common respiratory diseases in caged birds (6)

A
  • psittacosis/chlamydiosis/ornithosis
  • aspergillosis
  • air sacculitis
  • teflon poisoning
  • avocado poisoning
  • asthma
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3
Q

Common digestive tract diseases in caged birds (11)

A
  • candidiasis
  • epithelial hyperkeratosis
  • crop burns
  • crop infection/’sour crop’
  • trichomoniasis
  • avian bornavirus
  • megabacteriosis
  • giardia
  • roundworms
  • pacheco’s disease
  • salmonellosis
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4
Q

Common liver and kidney diseases in caged birds (3)

A
  • liver disease
  • gout
  • kidney disease
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5
Q

Common skin diseases in caged birds (4)

A
  • avian circovirus
  • polyomavirus
  • cnemidocoptes pili
  • external parsites
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6
Q

Common endocrine disorders in caged birds

A
  • diabetes mellitus
  • hypothyroidism
  • secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism
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7
Q

Heart disease in caged birds

A

not uncommon in older birds

normal HR 250+bpm

signs:
- reduced appetite
- reduced activity
- falling off perch in evenings

medication:
- ‘vivitonin’
- pimobendan/benazepril
- frusemide

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8
Q

Iodine deficiency in caged birds

A

Very common in budgerigars

Often presents as respiratory distress, caused by goitre pressing on trachea

Treat via supplemented seed, ‘pink block’ or Lugol’s iodine in the water

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9
Q

Vitamin A deficiency in caged birds

A

Assume it exists in all birds on an all-seed diet

Signs include
- Poor feathering
- Oculo-nasal discharge
- Swellings round eyes
- Blocked nostrils progressing to rhinoliths
- Abscesses on palate
-Renal failure

Remember vitamin A is responsible for the health and integrity of epithelia

Treatment
- Care with supplementation to avoid toxicity
- 10,000-20,000 iu per 300g as single injection
- Better to supplement by mouth, in food
- Improve diet

Most in-water supplements are of little value

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10
Q

Calcium deficiency in caged birds

A

May occur in any bird, especially if on a seed diet (parrot mix)

African greys are notable
□ Lassitude
□ Picking over painful joints
□ Tremors
□ Fits

Often (but not always) seen in quite young birds

The fitting African grey
- Control seizures/tremors with injectable calcium (Ca gluconate)
- Supplement
- Improve diet
- Install UVB lights

Persistent egg layers - especially cockatiels
- They keep laying to make up a clutch, but the owner keeps taking the eggs away
- Presents cachexic, collapsed and eggbound

Treat hypocalcaemia and cachexia and the egg will usually be passed - if not use oxytocin

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11
Q

Obesity in caged birds

A

Usually the result of a high-fat seed/sunflower/nut diet

Feeding of rich human foods

Atherosclerosis

Enlarged liver - hepatic lipidosis

Less space for air sacs and other internal organs

Often triggers feather picking

Change in faeces colour and consistency

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12
Q

Psittacosis/chlamydiosis/ornithosis in caged birds

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

respiratory or GI signs

zoonosis

spread in spores in dry faeces

isolate if suspected

treat with doxycycline for 45 days (or euthanise)

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13
Q

Aspergillosis in caged birds

A

One cause of ‘wheezing parrot’

Common in birds fed parrot mix and kept in dry environments

Diagnosis
- Radiography
- Endoscopy
- Aspergillus titre? - possibly

Plaques of fungal detritus may detach and obstruct an airway - causing severe respiratory distress or sudden death

Treatment not always effective
-Itraconazole, voriconazole etc.

F10 and Salbutamol nebulisation (1:250 dilution)

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14
Q

Air sacculitis in caged birds

A

Non-specific bacterial infection following
- Poor diet (hypovit A)
- Low RH
- Exposure to smoke (passive smoking)

Aspergillosis
- Fungal granulomata

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15
Q

Teflon poisoning in caged birds

A

New non-stick pans
- Respiratory signs
- Death in 45 minutes

Stain resistant new carpets and furnishings
- Ironing board covers
- Respiratory distress

About the only excuse for parenteral corticosteroids in birds

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16
Q

Avocado poisoning in caged birds

A

All parts are toxic - contain a natural antifungal (Persin)

Death occurs up to 12 hours after ingestion

Pulmonary congestion +/- s/c oedema

Diuretics and activated charcoal may help (if you see it alive)

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17
Q

Asthma in caged birds

A

Mainly seen in large macaws

Can use salbutamol nebulisation

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18
Q

Candidiasis in caged birds

A

Mainly in young hand-reared birds
Nystatin by mouth

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19
Q

Epithelial hyperkeratosis caged birds

A

Hypovitaminosis A

20
Q

Crop burns in caged birds

A

Hand reared birds
Fed too-hot hand rearing mix

21
Q

Crop infection/’sour crop’ in birds

A

Most often in poultry

22
Q

Trichomoniasis in caged birds

A

Protozoan affects upper part of digestive tract - oesophagus and crop
- Inappetance and regurgitation

Transmitted to aviary birds (especially budgies) by wild birds (especially pigeons) - also a problem for wild birds

Often diphthetic lesions in mouth/oesohpagus

To prevent disease
- Hygiene important
- Use sanitiser in water supply e.g. Citrosan or cider vinegar

In birds of prey - ‘Frounce’

RTA owls often have trichomoniasis

Carnidazole/metronidazole to treat

23
Q

Avian bornavirus (proventricular dilatation) in caged birds

A

‘Macaw wasting disease’

Proventricular dilatation disease (African Greys/Cockatoos)

‘Neuropathic gastric dilatation’

Immune reaction to the virus - neurological disease > GI disease

Often seen in very young birds

Signs
- Regurgitation
- Flaccid, non-emptying crop
- Passing undigested food

Weaned young birds start to ask to be fed again

Radiography - often reveals a dilated proventriculus

Definite diagnosis - biopsy

Viral dysautonomia

Often fatal

Highly contagious so good barrier nursing

24
Q

Megabacteriosis in caged birds

A

Budgerigars

Large gram positive rods in faeces (sometime) or from mucosal scrape of proventriculus at post mortem

Regurgitation, diarrhoea, anorexia, pasty faeces

Diagnosis
- ‘megabacteria’ in faeces or mucosal scrape from proventriculus
- Large G-positive rods

Treatment
- Easily digestible food
- Acidify water
- Ketoconazole
- Amphotericin B
- Nystatin in canaries

Prognosis guarded

25
Q

Giardia in caged birds

A

Normal inhabitant of GI tract of cockatiel

Not easy to identify even in fresh faeces - takes some experience

Causes diarrhoea and often pruritis

Seen in many species - often African species

Self trauma under wings and on belly

Fenbendazole and metronidazole

Fenbendazole potentially not well tolerated by cockatiels

26
Q

Roundworms in caged birds

A

Normally only an issue for birds living in aviaries (or recently brought out of an aviary)

Particularly a problem for the ground feeding grass parakeets

Important to teach owners how to medicate accurately (care when egg laying/moult)

27
Q

Pachecos disease in caged birds

A

Herpes virus

Acute GI signs/hepatitis, nervous signs

Mortality 80-90% in group

Treatment
- Disinfection
- ?acyclovir

Vaccine in US

Patagonian conure: often a reservoir for the virus

28
Q

Salmonellosis in caged birds

A

Not uncommon, but serotypes are not usually pathogenic to man

29
Q

Relevant anatomy of caged birds

A

crop is a sterile environment, should empty within 2-3hrs of meal

pair of caeca, caecal faeces passed separately to ordinary faeces

bird bile is green

30
Q

Liver disease in caged birds

A

obese birds

signs: feather picking, green/yellow urates, dull

enlarged liver on x-ray

treatment: lactulose, milk thistle extract, supplements, dietary adjustment

biochem indicators: low TP/albumin, CK elevation, AST/ALT raised, GGT

31
Q

Gout in caged birds

A

mostly budgies

deposition of uric acid crystals on joints and serosal surfaces

treatment: allopurinol, vit A, consider euthanasia

32
Q

Kidney disease in caged birds

A

Often incidental finding

Nephritis - may affect perching, the clue is often feather picking round the vent

Other causes
- Excessive vitamin D3 intake
- Hypovitaminosis A

33
Q

Avian circovirus in caged birds

A

Psittacine beak and feather dystrophy/disease

Affects integument

Young birds may die rapidly after infection

Older birds: discoloured feathers and their feather dust affects the younger birds (highly contagious)

Always ultimately fatal (young birds most susceptible)

Feathers in affected birds are often broken, and greasy looking

Horn of beaks and claws is often soft and crumbly; beak shiny

Affected birds often die to secondary bacterial or fungal infections

34
Q

Polyomavirus (budgerigar fledgling disease) in caged birds

A

DD: PBFD

Nestlings
- Sudden death
- Deformed feathers

Spread through feather detritus

Immunity develops

35
Q

Cnemidocoptes pili in caged birds

A

‘Scaly face’ and legs - mainly budgies, but can affect any species including poultry

Topical ivermectin in budgies

36
Q

External parasites in caged birds

A

Red mite - only on host at night

Northern mite - obligate parasite, severe problem in birdrooms, will kill a whole nest of chicks

Control with general hygiene, anti-mite spray, ivermectin, fipronil

37
Q

Diabetes mellitus in caged birds (treatment)

A

common in cockatiels

glipizide has some success for treatment

38
Q

hypothyroidism in caged birds

A

budgies with inadequate iodine intake

39
Q

Lead poisoning in caged birds

A

Lack of coordination - seizures

Blood test, check plasma calcium

?radiography/history

Start CaEDTA/Penacillamine before results get back

40
Q

Zinc poisoning in caged birds

A

May be neurological or feather condition signs

Sources: new galvanised mesh

Wash mesh with weak acid

41
Q

Chocolate poisoning in caged birds

A

Theobromine/caffeine

Treat as dog

Prognosis poor for dark chocolate

42
Q

Avocado poisoning in caged birds

A

Pulmonary congestion/oedema

Treatment may help

If starting to develop congestion…? euthanase

43
Q

Nicotine/passive smoke poisoning in caged birds

A

Respiratory signs - sinusitis/conjunctivitis

Predisposes to aspergillosis

Inhalation, or touch

44
Q

Species specific drug sensitivities in caged birds

A

Metronidazole/dimetridazole
- budgies and cockatiels

Fenbendazole
- pigeons

Itraconazole
- african greys can only cope with 1/3 recommended dose

45
Q

Neoplasia in caged birds

A

Internal tumours, soft tissue sarcomas, lymphoma

Pre-gland tumours

Papillomas
-probably viral
- recurrence after removal

Xanthomas
- yellow fat tumours
- can’t remove surgically
- if self traumatising then euthanise

46
Q

Results of feeding parrot mix

A
  • Fatty liver disease
    • Hypovitaminosis A
    • Hypocalcaemia
    • Occlusion of arteries
    • Poor feathering
      • Hypovitaminosis E - muscle weakness

Other species (20 decks)

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