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Rabbit medicine and surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Post weaning disorders rabbits

A
  • Coccidiosis (poor hygiene), profuse diarrhoea, co-trimazole first line
  • post weaning scour (stress, dysbiosis)
  • poor husbandry and advice, inappropriate housing/housemates etc.
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2
Q

Rabbit vaccines

A

Myxomatosis (myxomavirus), annually from 7 weeks old

VHD (RHV) 1&2 (calicivirus)

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3
Q

Rabbit preventative medicine

A

round worms and tapeworms (faecal testing, worming, cyst identification)

claw clipping

dental disease: incisors and molars

encephalitozoon cuniculi

health status

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4
Q

Genetic diseases rabbits

A

Brachiocephalic syndrome

Dental disease

IBD

Coat related conditions e.g. rex curly coat

Lop eared rabbits

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5
Q

Digestive diseases rabbits (13)

A

Management failures

Fear/stress

Pain

Poor gut motility - gut stasis

Anorexia (emergency)

Mucoid enteropathy

Trichobezoars

Non-caecotrophy

Diarrhoea

Gastric dilation

Intestinal obstruction

GDV

Liver lobe torsion

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6
Q

Poor gut motility in rabbits

A

§ Sudden or gradual decrease in food intake
§ Causes included low fibre intake and pain, fear, stress
§ Often scant, small, or changed shape pellets with or without mucus
§ Full clinical examination may reveal very little
§ Important to look for all reasons for anorexia
Very common!

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7
Q

Causes of anorexia rabbits (10)

A

§ Pyrexia
§ Pain/dental disease
§ Poor gut motility
§ Poor quality food
§ Change in food offered
§ Caecal impaction
§ Stomach impaction
§ Renal failure/urinary stones
§ Neoplasia
Respiratory disease

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8
Q

Mucoid enteropathy rabbits

A

§ Possibly a viral dysautonomia causing GI stasis
§ May also be seen in toxicosis and clostridial cases
§ Tends to be used to describe gut hypomotility cases unresponsive to treatment
Often linked with dehydration

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9
Q

Trichobezoars (rabbits)

A

§ Often secondary to dehydration
§ Certain long haired rabbits more predisposed
§ Can lead to obstructions and GDV
§ Diagnosis (radiographs and surgery)
□ Radiolucent area round mass of stomach contents
□ Blood glucose measuring
Surgical assessment

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10
Q

Non-caecotrophy in rabbits

A

Often presents as ‘diarrhoea’ and dirty rear
May predispose fly strike
Causes
□ Obesity
□ Spinal pain
□ Arthritis and spondylosis
□ Hock sores
□ Dental disease
□ High carbohydrate, low fibre diet
□ Alteration in caecal flora

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11
Q

Diarrhoea in young rabbits

A

□ Coccidiosis *
□ Simple enteritis
□ Enterotoxaemia *
□ Antibiotic misuse *
□ Mucoid enteritis caused by caecal dysbiosis
(*also seen in adults but not common)

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12
Q

Treatment for diarrhoea in rabbits

A

Cholestyramine
Supportive therapy
Parasite treatment if needed

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13
Q

Internal parasites of rabbits

A
  • Passalurus ambiguus (oxyurid worm in caecum/colon, rarely pathogenic, fenbendazole)
  • Coccidiosis (multiply rapidly, many species, co-trimazole)
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14
Q

Gastric dilation of rabbits

A
  • gastrointestinal dysbiosis
  • inappropriate diet
  • toxicosis/infection
  • aerophagia
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15
Q

Liver lobe torsion in rabbits

A
  • link with GDV/cysts
  • acute abdominal pain and anaemia on bloods
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16
Q

Fluid therapy for rabbits

A

50-100ml/kg/24hr or 2-4mg/kg/hv IV maintenance

20ml/kg SC as a temporary slow release bolus

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17
Q

Stasis or obstruction rabbits

A

Radiography

Blood glucose:
- gut stasis: about 8.5mmol/l
- obstruction: about 24.7 mmol/l
- normal: 4.2-8.2 mmol/l

18
Q

Protocol for treating GI disorders in rabbits

A
  • Fluid therapy
    • Pain relief
    • Dietary change/support
    • Improve gut motility
    • Probiotics
    • Improve environment/management
    • Reduce stress
    • Other drug therapy
    • Surgery
19
Q

Pain relief for rabbits

A
  • Synthetic opiates
    ○ Side effects? Reduction in gut motility
    ○ Pain relief is more important
    ○ Buprenorphine, butorphanol, methadone
    • NSAIDs
      ○ Carprofen/meloxicam by injection
      ○ Oral meloxicam
      ○ Potential to use Ranitidine (‘Zantac’) to reduce risk of gastric ulceration with NSAIDs (H2 receptor antagonist decreases HCl secretion)
    • Other
      ○ Paracetamol
      ○ Gabapentin
      ○ Tramadol
    • Acupuncture
      • Physio-laser therapy
20
Q

Dietary support of rabbits

A
  • syringe feeding
  • naso-gastric tubing
  • fresh food
  • forage mixes
  • good quality hay
21
Q

Drugs to improve gut stasis if sure no obstruction in rabbits

A
  • metclopramide
  • ranitidine
  • cisapride
  • domperidone
22
Q

Routes of IV administration rabbits

A

○ Ear veins
○ Jugular
○ Cephalic
○ Lateral saphenous

23
Q

Corticosteroids in rabbits

A
  • often hazardous
  • immunosuppression may allow latent diseases
  • may contribute to onset of hepatic lipidosis
  • enterotoxic shock and septicaemia
  • used in treatment of thymoma and possibly lymphoma
24
Q

When can surgery no longer be put off in rabbits?

A
  • When blood glucose remains high
  • when there is no steady recovery
  • when abdominal radiograph suggests obstruction
25
Q

Treatment of respiratory disease in rabbits

A
  • improve husbandry
  • antibiotics/anti-inflammatories
  • nebulisation
  • bromhexidine
26
Q

Thymoma in rabbits

A

○ Present as respiratory disease
○ Head up posture
○ Bulging eyes
○ Genetic predisposition?
○ Poor prognosis (4-6mo)
Treatment: supportive, prednisolone, surgery/radiation

27
Q

Licensed antimicrobials in rabbits

A

Enrofloxacin
Marbofloxacin
Gentamycin eye drops
Fusidic acid eye ointment

28
Q

Unlicensed but commonly used anti-microbials in rabbits

A

Co-trimazole
Metronidazole
Gentamycin
Procaine penicillin
Azithromycin

29
Q

Heart disease in rabbits

A

Often found dead
larger breeds can suffer from dilated cardiomyopathy

30
Q

Important rabbit dental anatomy

A
  • 70% of teeth are below gumline
  • Upper cheek teeth in bulla in orbit
  • normal rough edges on cheek teeth
  • lower incisors resting on peg teeth
  • naso-lacrimal duct runs over root of upper first molars
31
Q

Signs of dental disease in rabbits

A

○ Dysphagia
○ Excessive salivation
○ Weight loss
○ Reduced appetite
○ Selective eating
○ Slanted incisors
○ Change in faecal output
○ Poor grooming

32
Q

External parasites of rabbits

A
  • Cheyletiella
  • Psoroptes cuniculi
  • Spillopsyllus cuniculi

Treat with ivermectin

33
Q

Cheyletiella - rabbits

A

○ Fur mite
○ ‘Walking dandruff’
○ Do not advise removal of hay from diet, but will need a thorough environmental clean
○ Potentially zoonotic
○ Not to be confused with environmental or nutritional causes

34
Q

Psoroptes cuniculi - rabbits

A

○ Ear mites
○ Very painful if severe
○ Don’t try and remove attached debris
○ After a couple of ivermectin treatments it will come away
○ Consider pain relief
○ Consider soothing ear drops

35
Q

Spillopsyllus cuniculi

A

○ Fleas - smaller and darker than cat flea
○ Licensed product ‘advantage’ (Bayer)
○ Vector of Myxomatosis

36
Q

Skin diseases in rabbits

A
  • Heavy moult/matting
  • Sore hocks
  • Pseudomonas infection of dewlap
  • fly strike
  • Ring worm
  • Myxomatosis (rabbit pox)
  • viral haemorrhagic disease (RHD)
37
Q

Reproductive tract diseases rabbits

A
  • ectopic/retained tissue (endocrine disease)
  • uterine carcinoma
  • rabbit syphilis (treponema cuniculi)
38
Q

Urinary tract diseases rabbits

A
  • haematuria
  • cystic calculi or bladder ‘sludge’
  • kidney stones
  • encephalitozoon cuniculi
39
Q

Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits

A
  • microsporidian protozoon
  • spread via urine
  • urinary and neurological signs possible
  • diagnosis by blood test
  • may be widespread in the population even if no signs
  • PM: granulomatous meningo-encephalitis
  • fenbendazole, but wont eliminate organism
    -low risk zoonosis
40
Q

DJD in rabbits

A
  • genetic or traumatic
  • predisposes to
    ○ Obesity
    ○ Reduced urination or scalding
    ○ Inability to groom
    ○ Non-caecotrophy
    ○ Myiasis
    ○ Gastrointestinal disease
41
Q

Arthritis and spondylosis in rabbits

A
  • very common, not just in older rabbits
  • under-diagnosed

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