Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Reproduction and inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and inheritance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Long lengths of DNA coiled up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s a gene?

A

Short section of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are human body cells?

A

Diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

2 copies of each chromosome arranged in pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s the diploid number (number of chromosomes) in humans?

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do genes do?

A

Chemical instructions which control our inherited characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What’s an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Double Helix

Has complementary base pairing, Adenine to Thymine, and Cytosine to Guanine

Type of nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What’s asexual reproduction?

A

involves one parent, offspring have identical genes to the parent, so there’s no variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell reproduces genetically identical cells, by splitting to form 2 cells with identical sets of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the process of Mitosis?

A

DNA duplicates

DNA forms X shaped chromosomes, each arm is an exact duplicate of the other

Chromosomes line up and cell fibres pull them apart, two arms go to each opposite side

Membranes form around the sets of new chromosomes, making nuclei

Creating 2 new genetically identical cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What mitosis also be used for?

A

Making new cells for growth and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What’s sexual reproduction?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Because there are 2 parents the offspring contain a mixture of their parent’s genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s a zygote

A

Fertilised egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many chromosomes are in a haploid gamete?

A

23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What’s meiosis?

A

Produces 4 haploid cells whose chromosomes aren’t identical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the process of meiosis?

A

Duplicates DNA
Chromosomes line up in pairs at the centre of the cell
Pulled apart so each new cell will have some of fathers chromosomes and mothers
Chromosomes line up again, arms are pulled apart, creating 4 haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The structure of the flower?

A

P54

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the Stamen?

A

Male reproductive part of the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s part of the Stamen?

A

Anther and filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the anther?

A

Contains pollen grains, which produce male gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the filament?

A

Stalk which supports anther

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What’s the Carpel?

A

Female reproductive part of the flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What’s in the Carpel?

A

Stigma, Style and ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the Stigma do?

A

The part in which the pollen grains attach to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the style do?

A

Supports the stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the Ovary do?

A

Contains the female gamete in ovules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What’s pollination?

A

Transfer of pollen from stigma to anther, so male gametes can fertilise female gametes in sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What’s cross pollination?

A

When the pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another, this relys on insects or wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How are plants adapted for wind pollination?

A

Brightly coloured petals to attract insects
Scented to attract insects
Big sticky pollen grains to attach to insects
Stigma is sticky to receive pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How are plants adapted for wind pollination?

A

Light pollen to be carried away by wind
Long filaments to expose pollen to the wind
Large feathery Stigma to catch pollen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What’s fertilisation?

A

When 2 nuclei fuse together to form a zygote, this divides by mitosis to form an embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe fertilisation in a plant?

A

Pollen grain lands on stigma
Pollen tube grows out of pollen grain through the style, to the ovary and into the ovule
A nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube to fertilise with the female gamete
Each fertilised female gamete forms a seed, the ovary develops into a fruit around the seeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What’s germination?

A

When a seed starts to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the right conditions for germination?

A

Water- to activate enzymes that break down food reservoirs
Oxygen- for respiration to grow
Suitable temperature- for the enzymes to work

38
Q

How does a germinating seed get energy from it’s food stores?

A

Gets glucose from it’s food stores for respiration

Once it’s grown enough it can get it’s own energy by having leaves for photosynthesis

39
Q

How can plants reproduce asexually using natural methods?

A

Runners (fast growing stems), take root somewhere and form clones

40
Q

How can plants be reproduced artificially?

A

Take cuttings from one plant, and plant them somewhere else

41
Q

What’s sperm?

A

Male gametes, formed in the testes after puberty, mixed with liquid to form semen and are ejaculated from the penis into the vagina in sexual reproduction

42
Q

What’s the structure of the male reproductive system?

A

P57

43
Q

What’s the urethra?

A

Urine and semen passes through it

44
Q

What’s erectile tissue?

A

Swells with blood to make penis erect

45
Q

What are the testis?

A

Where sperm are made

46
Q

What are the glands?

A

Produce the liquid which is added to sperm to make semen

47
Q

What’s the sperm duct?

A

Tube that carries the sperm to urethra

48
Q

What’s the scrotum?

A

Contains the testes

49
Q

Structure female reproductive system?

A

P 57

50
Q

What are ova?

A

Female gametes produced once every 28 days from the one of the 2 ovaries

51
Q

Describe the journey of an ovum?

A

Released from an ovary
Passes through the Fallopian tube where it could meet sperm
If not fertilised by sperm, it will break up and pass out of the vagina
If fertilised, the ovum will start to divide, the new cells which travel to uterus and attach to endometrium and turn into an embryo

52
Q

What’s the fallopian tube?

A

Tube which carries ovum from ovaries to uterus

53
Q

What’s the ovary?

A

Produces ova and sex hormones

54
Q

What’s the endometrium?

A

Location for implantation of an embryo, has a good blood supply

55
Q

What’s the uterus?

A

Where an embryo grows

56
Q

What’s the vagina?

A

Where the sperm are deposited

57
Q

What’s the cervix?

A

The neck of the vagina

58
Q

What does oestrogen in women cause?

A

Pubic/underarm hair
Hips widen
Development of breasts
Ovum release and start of periods

59
Q

What does testosterone in men cause?

A 
Hair on face and body
Muscles develop
Penis and testis enlarge
Sperm production
Voice deepens
60
Q

What’s stage 1 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining breaks down causing bleeding (4 days)

61
Q

What’s stage 2 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus builds up ready to receive an egg ( 4-14 days)

62
Q

What’s stage 3 in the menstrual cycle?

A

An ovum is developed and released (day 14)

63
Q

What’s stage 4 in the menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus wall is maintained and breaks down if no fertilised ovum lands (14-28)

64
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

Causes lining of uterus to thicken and grow

Stimulates the release of an ovum at day 14

65
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus

66
Q

What does the Placenta do for the embryo?

A

Good blood flow and very close blood channels, allows food, oxygen and waste to be transferred

67
Q

What does the amniotic fluid do for the embryo?

A

Fluid protects embryo from bumps

68
Q

What’s an allele?

A

A different version of a gene

69
Q

How many alleles are in a gene?

A

2

70
Q

What’s do alleles show?

A

Characteristics

71
Q

What’s a dominant allele?

A

Will act over the recessive allele (capital letters)

72
Q

What’s a recessive allele?

A

Will only show if both alleles are recessive (little letters)

73
Q

What does homozygous for a trait mean?

A

Both alleles are the same eg. RR or rr

74
Q

What does it mean if your heterozygous for a trait?

A

Both alleles are different eg. Rr

75
Q

What’s a genotype?

A

The genes alleles you have

76
Q

What’s a phenotype?

A

The characteristics an allele produces

77
Q

How to work out possible alleles of offspring?

A

Punnet squares

78
Q

What do your chromosomes determine?

A

Your gender, (by the 23rd pair)

79
Q

What chromosome do all men have?

A

XY

80
Q

What chromosome do all women have?

A

XX

81
Q

What the chance of having a boy or girl?

A

50:50

82
Q

What’s genetic variation caused by?

A

Genes

83
Q

What’s variation in animals down to?

A

Genes and environment

84
Q

What environmental variation is there in plants?

A

Sunlight
Moisture level
Temperature
Mineral content of soil

85
Q

What’s the theory of evolution?

A

Life began as simple organisms from which more complex organisms evolved

86
Q

What’s natural selection?

A

Survival of the fittest

87
Q

What happens to the best genes for a particular environment?

A

They survive

88
Q

What are mutations?

A

Changes in the genetic code, random and rare but can be inherited increasing variation

89
Q

What increases the chances of cell mutation?

A

Ionising radiation

Chemicals called mutagens

90
Q

Why are mutagens harmful?

A

If in reproductive cells, kills offspring

Can cause cancer

91
Q

How can mutations be useful?

A

eg. might make a bacteria cell protected against Antibiotics, these reproduce passing this gene on, these are called superbugs

Biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions