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Biology > Blood and organs > Flashcards

Blood and organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the bloods 4 main components?

A

Plasma
Platelets
Red blood cells
White blood cells

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2
Q

Features of Plasma?

A

Carries everything that needs transporting in the body, eg. Blood cells, digested food, CO2, Urea, Hormones and heat

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3
Q

Feature of platelets?

A

Clot blood to prevent blood loss and infection, held tighter by protein called fibrin

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4
Q

Features of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen around the body

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5
Q

How are red blood cells well adapted for their function?

A

Biconcave to increase surface area for oxygen exchange

Contain haemoglobin to be able to release and exchange oxygen

Not have a nucleus so free space up for more haemoglobin

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6
Q

What’s the aim of the immune system?

A

To destroy pathogens

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7
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Detect foreign pathogens and engulf/digest them

Attack anything foreign

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8
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies to lock onto a foreign antigen

Can become memory cells, so if the same pathogen returns the correct antigens are produced instantly

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9
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Injecting an inactive pathogen to trigger an immune response, so lymphocytes produce antibodies to attack them, without there being any risk to the body

Creating memory cells for the future

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10
Q

What are the functions of the arteries?

A

Carry blood away from heart

Heart pumps blood out fast, so they have strong elastic walls

Walls are think compared to hole

Biggest artery is the Aorta

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11
Q

Functions of the capillaries?

A

Involved at the exchange of materials at tissues

Branch out from arteries, and are very small to exchange substances with every cell

Have permeable and thin walls to increase diffusion

Supply food and oxygen, take away CO2

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12
Q

Functions of veins?

A

Take blood to heart

Formed from capillaries, so bloods sat lower pressure meaning thinner walls and bigger hole

Have valves to keep blood in correct direction

Largest vein is Vena cava

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13
Q

Structure of the heart?

A

P38

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14
Q

How does blood travel through the heart?

A

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava

Deoxygenated blood moves to right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

Left atrium receives, oxygenated blood from lungs via the pulmonary vein

Oxygenated blood moves to the left ventricle, then the whole body via the Aorta

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15
Q

What does the heart have to prevent the backflow of blood?

A

Valves

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16
Q

Why is the left ventricle much more muscular?

A

Has to pump blood to whole body, meaning higher pressure

17
Q

Why does exercise increase heart rate?

A

Exercise increases the amount of CO2 in the blood, due to respiration

High levels of CO2 detected by receptors in Aorta, sending signals to the brain

Brain tells heart to contract more frequently and with more force

18
Q

The structure of the circulation system?

A

P39

19
Q

What carries oxygenated blood?

A

Arteries

20
Q

What carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Veins

21
Q

What are the exceptions to the oxygenated rule?

A

Pulmonary Artery and Vein

22
Q

What does pulmonary mean?

A

To do with lungs

23
Q

What does hepatic mean?

A

To do with liver

24
Q

What does renal mean?

A

To do with kindneys

25
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

Remove urea from blood
Adjust water concentration in blood
Adjust salt concentration in blood

26
Q

Structure of the kidney?

A

P40

27
Q

Structure of a nephron?

A

P40

28
Q

What’s ultrafiltration?

A

Blood from renal artery flows through the glomerulus

High pressure is built, squeezes water, urea salts and glucose into bowman’s capsule

Big molecules eg. protein or blood, aren’t squeezed out, the filtered liquid in Bowman’s capsule is know as glomerular filtrate

29
Q

What’s reabsorption?

A

All the glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule via active transport

Sufficient salt is absorbed

Sufficient water is absorbed at collecting duct

30
Q

What’s the release of wastes?

A

The remaining substances form urine, stored in the bladder and released via the urethra

31
Q

What’s osmoregulation?

A

The body has to balance the water coming in and going out

32
Q

What controls osmoregulation?

A

Negative feedback

33
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increases the permeability of the nephrons, so more water goes back into blood stream

34
Q

What controls the level of ADH?

A

The pituitary gland

35
Q

What’s negative feedback?

A

If something gets too high or low a mechanism will be triggered to get it back to normal

Biology (12 decks)

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