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Biology > Coordination and response > Flashcards

Coordination and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does responding to the environment help organisms do?

A

Survive

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2
Q

What’s a stimulus?

A

Change in environment

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3
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Detect stimuli

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4
Q

What’s an effector?

A

cells which bring a response to stimuli

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5
Q

How do receptors and effectors communicate?

A

Via the central nervous system or hormonal system

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6
Q

What’s in the CNS?

A

Brain and spine

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7
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Coordinates electrical impulses to the effectors, very fast responses

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8
Q

What’s a reflex?

A

An automatic response to prevent injury

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9
Q

What’s the reflex arc?

A

Stimulus occurs
receptor creates impulses down the sensory neuron
Impulses are passed along a relay neurone, via a synapse
Impulses travel along a motor neurone, via a synapse
When impulses reach effector the change occurs

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10
Q

Structure of the eye?

A

P45

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11
Q

Function of the conjunctiva?

A

lubricates and protects surface of the eye

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12
Q

Function of the cornea?

A

Refracts light into the eye, transparent and no blood vessels so oxygen diffuses in

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13
Q

Function of the iris?

A

Controls how much light enters the eye

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14
Q

Function of the lens?

A

Focuses the light on the retina

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15
Q

Function of the optic nerve?

A

carries impulses from receptor to the brain

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16
Q

What’s the iris reflex?

A

Bright light= pupil smaller so less light in to damage the retina

Dim light= pupil increases to let more light in to see

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17
Q

What happens when the eye focuses on a distant object?

A

Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments tighten

Making eyeball thinner, so light reflects onto retina

18
Q

What happens when the eye focuses on a close object?

A

Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments slacken

Making eyeball fatter, so light reflects onto retina

19
Q

What does it mean if your long sighted?

A

Can’t focus on near objects, due to light not being bent enough

20
Q

What does it mean if yourshort sited?

A

Can’t focus on far objects, since light is bent too much

21
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messages sent in the blood

22
Q

ADH source Role and effect?

A

Pituitary gland
Controls water content
Increases the permeability of the kidney

23
Q

Adrenaline source Role and effect?

A

Adrenal glands
Readies body for fight or flight
Increases blood flow to muscles

24
Q

Insulin source Role and effect?

A

Pancreas
Helps control blood sugar level
Stimulates the liver to turn glucose into the glycogen for storage

25
Q

Testosterone source Role and effect?

A

Testes
Main male sex hormone
Promotes male secondary sexual characteristics

26
Q

Progesterone source Role and effect?

A

Ovaries
Support pregnancy
Maintains the lining of the uterus

27
Q

Oestrogen source role and effect?

A

Ovaries
Main female sex hormone
Controls menstrual cycle and promotes female secondary characteristics

28
Q

Characteristics of nerves?

A

Very fast message
Act for a short time
Act on a precise area

29
Q

Characteristics of hormones?

A

Slower message
Act for a long time
Act in a general way

30
Q

What’s homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

31
Q

How is water lost in the body?

A

The skin as sweat
Lungs as breath
Kidneys as urine

32
Q

Why is the body temp 37 degrees?

A

Optimal for enzymes, CNS triggers effectors to maintain this

33
Q

What happens to the skin when your too hot?

A

Lots of sweat produced to evaporate and remove heat from the body

Vasodilation- blood vessels go closer to skin, so more heat is radiated away

Hairs lay flat

34
Q

What happens to the skin you too cold?

A

Little sweat produced

Vasoconstriction, blood vessels move away from skin surface

Shiver to create heat

Hairs stand up

35
Q

Why do smaller organisms cool down quicker?

A

Bigger surface area to volume ratio

36
Q

How do plants respond o changes in environment?

A

Grow towards light to maximise photosynthesis

Sense gravity, so their roots grow in the right direction

Climbing plants have a sense of touch

37
Q

How do plants respond to predators?

A

Produce toxins

38
Q

How do plants respond the abiotic stress?

A

Produce antifreeze

39
Q

What does auxin do?

A

Plant growth hormone which prevents growth in shoots, but causes growth in roots

40
Q

How are shoots positively phototropic?

A

Auxin goes to the side of shoot in shade, causing it to grow towards the light, they also grow away from gravity

41
Q

How are roots positively geotropic?

A

More auxin in lower side, causing it to grow downwards

Biology (12 decks)

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