Reproduction and Development Flashcards
Primary vs accessory sex organs
Primary: Testes and ovaries
Accessory sex organs: everything else
What are the two things for maximum viability in sperm?
1) Slightly cooler than body temperature
2) High testosterone levels
What are the two jobs of the testes?
Make sperm and make testosterone
What are sustentacular cells (found in the seminiferous tubule)?
They sustain sperm development by secreting nutrients and secrete androgen binding proteins (ABP)
What are the two types of cells found in the seminiferous tubule inside the testes?
Sustentacular cells and spermatogonia
What hormone stimulates sustentacular cells and spermatogonia?
FSH
What do interstitial cells produce in testes?
They make testosterone
What is spermatogenesis?
Formation of sperm
What are the steps after a spermatogonium goes through mitosis?
1) Spermatogonium that is activated becomes a primary spermatocyte
2) The primary spermatocyte then undergoes meiosis I and becomes a secondary spermatocyte
3) The secondary spermatocyte then undergoes meiosis II and becomes a spermatid
What is the path a spermatid takes?
seminiferous tubule to epididymis to vas deferens to urethra
What is an epididymis?
Store sperm
What is the vas deferens?
It is a long muscular duct (ejaculation helped)
This is where vasectomy occurs.
What is semen?
It is a nutritious, alkaline fluid
What three parts produce semen?
Seminal vesicles (produce 60% of volume), prostate (35% of volume) and bulbourethral glands (4% of volume)
What offers a clotting factor (sperm wise)?
Prostate
What produces the alkaline mucus which is activated on arousal
bulbourethral gland
What are the 3 stages of male sexual function?
1) Arousal - erection and lubrication
2) Orgasm - emission of semen (ejaculation)
3) Resolution - constriction of erectile arteries
What nervous system controls arousal?
Parasympathetic
What nervous system controls orgasm?
Sympathetic
What nervous system controls resolution?
Sympathetic
What are wolffian ducts?
They become the male duct and external genitalia
What are mullerian ducts?
They become the female duct and external genitalia
What hormone causes the development of wolffian ducts in males?
Testestrone
What hormone causes the regression of mullerian ducts in males?
mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)
What are greater vestibular glands?
Similar to bulbourethral glands
What are the two external genitalia in females?
1) Labia - vagina opening and urethral opening (aka vestibules)
2) Mammary glands
What is a cervix?
Opening to uterus
Fertile vs non-fertile cervix during a month period?
Non-fertile (most days of the month) - closed, thick, sticky and acidic
Fertile (few days of the month) - open (1 cm), thin, stretchy and alkaline
What are the two parts of the uterus?
1) Endometrium - layer that is built up and shed off monthly
2) Myometrium - smooth muscle wall of uterus (unique because cells retain their ability to divide)
What are the Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)?
Connect uterus and ovary
It is ciliated to move egg towards uterus and fertilization occurs here
What are the two jobs of the ovary?
To make ova (eggs) and make estrogen and progesterone
What is oogenesis?
Creation of eggs
What are the steps after a oogonia goes through mitosis in the prenatal stage (before birth)?
Oogonia is formed which is the activated to become a primary oocyte. The primary oocyte are arrested for decades (until the first menstrual cycle)
What happens to the primary oocyte after a menarche (1st period cycle)?
Primary oocyte goes through meiosis I and becomes a secondary oocyte (1st polar body formed and not two oocyte typically)
The secondary oocyte is ovulated and if fertilization does not occur, then this is where it stops.
But if it gets fertilized, the secondary oocyte goes through meiosis II and forms one ovum and a second polar body.
What is an acrosome?
It is a digestive enzyme that helps create a path through the corona radiata
What are the blocks to polyspermy?
Fast block - egg depolarizes
Slow block - zona pellucida hardens and separates from egg surface
What is a dikaryon?
One cell, two nuclei.
What is syngamy?
The process when egg and sperm nuclei fuse
What is morula?
A solid ball of cells after fertilization
What is blastula?
A hollow ball of cells after morula stage
What two cell cycle phase does zygote go through to get to blastula?
S and M phase so the cell does not enlarge. This means the blastula is the same size as the morula and the zygote
What implants at the wall of the uterus?
Blastocyst
What is the trophoblast?
Outer side of the blastula and it secretes hCG (prevents period)
It becomes the placenta after three months
What are the two parts of a blastocyst?
Trophoblast and inner cell mass
What does the inner cell mass of a blastula become?
It becomes the embryo and embryonic structures like umbilical cord and amnion fluid
What are pluripotent cells?
They are cells that can become any cell in the body but no the placental
What are multipotent cells?
They can become many cell types but not all cell types in the body
What are totipotent cells?
They are cells that can become any cell in the body including the placental
