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mcat biochem > Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Reproduction and Development Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Primary vs accessory sex organs

A

Primary: Testes and ovaries

Accessory sex organs: everything else

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2
Q

What are the two things for maximum viability in sperm?

A

1) Slightly cooler than body temperature

2) High testosterone levels

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3
Q

What are the two jobs of the testes?

A

Make sperm and make testosterone

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4
Q

What are sustentacular cells (found in the seminiferous tubule)?

A

They sustain sperm development by secreting nutrients and secrete androgen binding proteins (ABP)

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5
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the seminiferous tubule inside the testes?

A

Sustentacular cells and spermatogonia

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6
Q

What hormone stimulates sustentacular cells and spermatogonia?

A

FSH

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7
Q

What do interstitial cells produce in testes?

A

They make testosterone

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8
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of sperm

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9
Q

What are the steps after a spermatogonium goes through mitosis?

A

1) Spermatogonium that is activated becomes a primary spermatocyte
2) The primary spermatocyte then undergoes meiosis I and becomes a secondary spermatocyte
3) The secondary spermatocyte then undergoes meiosis II and becomes a spermatid

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10
Q

What is the path a spermatid takes?

A

seminiferous tubule to epididymis to vas deferens to urethra

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11
Q

What is an epididymis?

A

Store sperm

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12
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

It is a long muscular duct (ejaculation helped)

This is where vasectomy occurs.

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13
Q

What is semen?

A

It is a nutritious, alkaline fluid

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14
Q

What three parts produce semen?

A

Seminal vesicles (produce 60% of volume), prostate (35% of volume) and bulbourethral glands (4% of volume)

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15
Q

What offers a clotting factor (sperm wise)?

A

Prostate

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16
Q

What produces the alkaline mucus which is activated on arousal

A

bulbourethral gland

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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of male sexual function?

A

1) Arousal - erection and lubrication
2) Orgasm - emission of semen (ejaculation)
3) Resolution - constriction of erectile arteries

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18
Q

What nervous system controls arousal?

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

What nervous system controls orgasm?

A

Sympathetic

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20
Q

What nervous system controls resolution?

A

Sympathetic

21
Q

What are wolffian ducts?

A

They become the male duct and external genitalia

22
Q

What are mullerian ducts?

A

They become the female duct and external genitalia

23
Q

What hormone causes the development of wolffian ducts in males?

A

Testestrone

24
Q

What hormone causes the regression of mullerian ducts in males?

A

mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

25
Q

What are greater vestibular glands?

A

Similar to bulbourethral glands

26
Q

What are the two external genitalia in females?

A

1) Labia - vagina opening and urethral opening (aka vestibules)
2) Mammary glands

27
Q

What is a cervix?

A

Opening to uterus

28
Q

Fertile vs non-fertile cervix during a month period?

A

Non-fertile (most days of the month) - closed, thick, sticky and acidic

Fertile (few days of the month) - open (1 cm), thin, stretchy and alkaline

29
Q

What are the two parts of the uterus?

A

1) Endometrium - layer that is built up and shed off monthly

2) Myometrium - smooth muscle wall of uterus (unique because cells retain their ability to divide)

30
Q

What are the Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)?

A

Connect uterus and ovary

It is ciliated to move egg towards uterus and fertilization occurs here

31
Q

What are the two jobs of the ovary?

A

To make ova (eggs) and make estrogen and progesterone

32
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Creation of eggs

33
Q

What are the steps after a oogonia goes through mitosis in the prenatal stage (before birth)?

A

Oogonia is formed which is the activated to become a primary oocyte. The primary oocyte are arrested for decades (until the first menstrual cycle)

34
Q

What happens to the primary oocyte after a menarche (1st period cycle)?

A

Primary oocyte goes through meiosis I and becomes a secondary oocyte (1st polar body formed and not two oocyte typically)

The secondary oocyte is ovulated and if fertilization does not occur, then this is where it stops.

But if it gets fertilized, the secondary oocyte goes through meiosis II and forms one ovum and a second polar body.

35
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

It is a digestive enzyme that helps create a path through the corona radiata

36
Q

What are the blocks to polyspermy?

A

Fast block - egg depolarizes

Slow block - zona pellucida hardens and separates from egg surface

37
Q

What is a dikaryon?

A

One cell, two nuclei.

38
Q

What is syngamy?

A

The process when egg and sperm nuclei fuse

39
Q

What is morula?

A

A solid ball of cells after fertilization

40
Q

What is blastula?

A

A hollow ball of cells after morula stage

41
Q

What two cell cycle phase does zygote go through to get to blastula?

A

S and M phase so the cell does not enlarge. This means the blastula is the same size as the morula and the zygote

42
Q

What implants at the wall of the uterus?

A

Blastocyst

43
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Outer side of the blastula and it secretes hCG (prevents period)

It becomes the placenta after three months

44
Q

What are the two parts of a blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast and inner cell mass

45
Q

What does the inner cell mass of a blastula become?

A

It becomes the embryo and embryonic structures like umbilical cord and amnion fluid

46
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A

They are cells that can become any cell in the body but no the placental

47
Q

What are multipotent cells?

A

They can become many cell types but not all cell types in the body

48
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

They are cells that can become any cell in the body including the placental

mcat biochem (16 decks)

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