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mcat biochem > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What does hydrolase do?

A

It destroys the host cell genome. It leads to all cellular energy being used for viral protein production and not host protein production. It also creates a pool of free dNTPs for viral genome replication.

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2
Q

What does a lysozme do?

A

It pokes holes in bacterial cell walls and causes lysis.

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3
Q

What is +RNA?

A

It is mRNA

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4
Q

What could lead to a lytic from a lysogenic cycle?

A
  1. Removal of repressor

2. Stress

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5
Q

What is transduction?

A

It is the removal of a piece of host genome during excision.

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6
Q

Can genetic diversity occur due to transduction?

A

Yes it can

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7
Q

What is the productive cycle (occurs in animal viruses only)?

A

It is similar to lytic cycle but it does not lyse the host cell but rather it exits by ‘budding’ like exocytosis.

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8
Q

In which cycle does a virus acquire a coating of lipid bilayer?

A

In the productive cycle.

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9
Q

What are the advantages of the productive cycle?

A
  1. More virus

2. Envelope ‘wolf in sheep’s clothing’ allows for easier infection and immune protection.

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10
Q

What is a -RNA?

A

It is a template for mRNA. It is not immediately translated like +RNA.

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11
Q

What is another name for +RNA lysogenic virus?

A

Retrovirus

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12
Q

What are prions?

A

They infectious proteins.

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13
Q

Mutant prions can?

A
  1. arise spontaneously due to mutation
  2. be heritable
  3. be transmitted through consumption of infected tissues
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14
Q

What are viroids?

A

They are a piece of +RNA but have no capside unlike viruses

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15
Q

How do viroids replicate?

A

Use rolling circle replication

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16
Q

Different shapes of bacteria

A

coccus, spirochete, bacillus

17
Q

What is the ending when referring to flagella?

A

“____trichous”

18
Q

What are the different types of flagella?

A 
Monotrichous = one flagella
Amphitrichous = two flagella
Peritrichous = flagella all around
19
Q

The different parts of a flagella

A

Basal unit = attaches flagella
Hook = used for direction
Filament = used for “whipping”

20
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan cell wall

21
Q

Gram + vs Gram -

A

Gram + have cell walls but Gram - have an outer cell membrane instead of a cell wall.

22
Q

What are the bacteria that live in different temperatures?

A 
Mesophiles = medium temperature
Thermophiles = Hot temperature
Psychrophiles = Cold temperature
23
Q

What is an obligate aerobe?

A

Need O2 and die without it

24
Q

What is facultative anaerobe?

A

Use O2 to survive and ferment when O2 is absent

25
Q

What is tolerant anaerobe?

A

Don’t die and don’t use O2 but ferment in O2 absent environments

26
Q

What is obligate anaerobe?

A

Die in O2 and ferment in O2 absent environments

27
Q

What is phototroph?

A

Use sun as energy

28
Q

What is chemotroph?

A

Use ATP as energy

29
Q

What is autotroph?

A

Make their carbon chains from CO2

30
Q

What is heterotroph?

A

Make their carbon chains from eating other critters

31
Q

What does arg- auxotroph mean?

A

This bacteria can’t make arginine

32
Q

What does lac- auxotroph mean?

A

It can’t metabolize lactose

33
Q

What is the carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population that a particular environment can sustain

34
Q

What is conjugation?

A

It is the mixing up of genetic material by “bacteria sex” using a sex pilus (conjugation bridge)

35
Q

What are “male” bacteria?

A

Contain F plasmid and can initiate conjugation and transfer the F plasmid

36
Q

What are Hfr bacteria?

A

They have an F plasmid with in their genome instead of separately.

mcat biochem (16 decks)

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