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mcat biochem > Endocrine, Cardiovascular and Immunology > Flashcards

Endocrine, Cardiovascular and Immunology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine vs exocrine glands?

A

Inside the bloodstream vs outside the bloodstream

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2
Q

What is the product of endocrine glands?

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What are some products of exocrine glands?

A

Enzymes, Bile, Saliva, Tears, Semen, Earwax, Mucus, Breastmilk, and Stomach acid

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4
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

No

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5
Q

Do exocrine glands have ducts?

A

Yes except mucus cells

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6
Q

What are the two type of hormones?

A

Peptide and steroids

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7
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

1) They are made from amino acids.
2) Their receptors are located on the cell surface
3) They use 2nd messenger systems
4) They have fast effects (like epinephrine)
5) They are temporary

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8
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

1) They are made from cholesterol
2) Their receptors are located intracellularly
3) They bind DNA and modify transcription to have an effect
4) They have slow effects
5) They are permanent

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9
Q

What are the three mechanisms to control hormone release?

A

Neural, Hormonal and Humoral

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10
Q

How is hormone release controlled by neural?

A

An action potential triggers release of a hormone

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11
Q

How is hormone release controlled by hormonal

A

A hormone triggers release of another hormone

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12
Q

How is hormone release controlled by humoral?

A

Something in the blood (not itself a hormone) triggers release of a hormone

Eg: glucose regulates insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

What is the anterior pituitary made up of?

A

Gland tissue

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14
Q

What 6 major hormones does the anterior pituitary make?

A

FLAT PiG

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin and growth hormone

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15
Q

Which hormones in the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones?

A

FLAT

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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16
Q

What is a hormone that causes the release of another hormone?

A

Tropic hormone

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17
Q

How is the anterior pituitary controlled?

A

It is controlled hormonally by the hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the posterior pituitary made up of?

A

Neural tissue

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19
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary make?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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20
Q

How is the anterior pituitary controlled?

A

It is controlled neurally by the hypothalamus

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21
Q

How is the hypothalamus controlled?

A

It is controlled humorally and neurally

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22
Q

What are portal veins?

A

They are the veins that connect the two capillaries found on the hormone producing cells of the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What are the two other names of portal veins?

A

Hypophyseal and Hypothalamic

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24
Q

How is prolactin released?

A

It is released when prolactin inhibiting hormone secretion is stopped from the hypothalamus.

The difference between prolactin and the other hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary is that the rest have releasing hormones (RH) that is secreted from the hypothalamus instead of an inhibiting hormone

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25
Q

Are arteries elastic?

A

Yes

26
Q

Do arteries have muscular walls?

A

Yes

27
Q

Do veins have muscular walls?

A

No

28
Q

Are veins elastic?

A

No

29
Q

How is fluid drawn back into the veins near capillaries?

A

Through osmosis since the blood is very concentrated

30
Q

What is the structure of the lymphatic system like?

A

It is similar to that of veins

31
Q

`What does the lymphatic system do?

A

It picks up the left over fluid being pushed out by the arteries near the capillary and puts it back into circulation

32
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

They are concentrated area of white blood cells

33
Q

Why are lymph nodes important?

A

They filter the fluid collected from tissues before putting it back into the circulatory system

34
Q

Where is the highest pressure right after a heart contracts?

A

The pulmonary artery and the aorta

35
Q

Which chambers of the heart create the highest pressure when they contract?

A

Right and left ventricle

36
Q

What is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle called?

A

Tricuspid AV valve

37
Q

What is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle called?

A

Bicuspid (mitral) AV valve

38
Q

What the valve on the pulmonary artery?

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve

39
Q

What the valve on the aorta?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

40
Q

What does systole mean?

A

Heart contracted

41
Q

What does diastole mean?

A

Heart relaxed

42
Q

What is the 1st sound “Lub” when listening to the heart?

A

1) Close atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid)

2) At the beginning of systole

43
Q

What is the 2nd sound “Dub” when listening to the heart?

A

1) Closing of semilunar valves (SV)

2) At the beginning of diastole

44
Q

What is blood pressure directly proportional to?

A

1) Cardiac output

2) Peripheral resistance

45
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output (vol pumped/min)

A

Stroke volume (vol pumped/beat) * Heart rate (beats/min)

46
Q

How hard it is to move blood through vessels is referred to as?

A

Peripheral resistance

47
Q

What are the steps of cardiac muscle action potential?

A

1) voltage-gated Na+ channels open at threshold
2) voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate at +40mV
3) voltage-gated K+ channels open and mV drops
4) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and mV plateaus
5) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close which leads to the potential going back to rest once voltage-gated K+ channels close as well.

48
Q

Nervous system action potential vs cardiac muscle action potential?

A

Cardiac muscle action potential takes 100 times as long to go back from firing to get to rest

49
Q

What is tetany (tetanic contraction)?

A

Steady state, solid unmoving contraction

50
Q

What is the long absolute refractory period?

A

It is a period which prevents the frequency of action potentials from increasing high enough to cause tetany

51
Q

What are cardiac autorhythmic cells?

A

They are cells that start the action potential in cardiac muscles

52
Q

What are leak channels?

A

Channels that are always open

They are what cause threshold to be reached in autorhythmic cells (Na+ leak channels)

53
Q

Cardiac autorhythmic cells vs cardiac cells?

A

Instead of voltage-gated Na+ channels opening at threshold, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

54
Q

Which has the leakiest channel, SA or AV node?

A

The SA node

55
Q

Why does AV node delay impulse?

A

To let atria contract before ventricles

56
Q

Are atrial and ventricular cells connected electrically?

A

No, they are connected by gap junctions

57
Q

What are the 3 parts found in whole blood?

A

Plasma, hematocrit (RBC), leukocytes

58
Q

In order to dissolve in plasma?

A

You have to be hydrophobic or attach to something hydrophobic

59
Q

Where are self-recognizing B-cells destroyed?

A

In the bone marrow

60
Q

Where are self-recognizing T-cells destroyed?

A

In the thymus

mcat biochem (16 decks)

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