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mcat biochem > Endocrine, Cardiovascular and Immunology > Flashcards

Endocrine, Cardiovascular and Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine vs exocrine glands?

A

Inside the bloodstream vs outside the bloodstream

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2
Q

What is the product of endocrine glands?

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What are some products of exocrine glands?

A

Enzymes, Bile, Saliva, Tears, Semen, Earwax, Mucus, Breastmilk, and Stomach acid

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4
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

No

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5
Q

Do exocrine glands have ducts?

A

Yes except mucus cells

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6
Q

What are the two type of hormones?

A

Peptide and steroids

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7
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

1) They are made from amino acids.
2) Their receptors are located on the cell surface
3) They use 2nd messenger systems
4) They have fast effects (like epinephrine)
5) They are temporary

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8
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

1) They are made from cholesterol
2) Their receptors are located intracellularly
3) They bind DNA and modify transcription to have an effect
4) They have slow effects
5) They are permanent

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9
Q

What are the three mechanisms to control hormone release?

A

Neural, Hormonal and Humoral

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10
Q

How is hormone release controlled by neural?

A

An action potential triggers release of a hormone

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11
Q

How is hormone release controlled by hormonal

A

A hormone triggers release of another hormone

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12
Q

How is hormone release controlled by humoral?

A

Something in the blood (not itself a hormone) triggers release of a hormone

Eg: glucose regulates insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

What is the anterior pituitary made up of?

A

Gland tissue

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14
Q

What 6 major hormones does the anterior pituitary make?

A

FLAT PiG

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin and growth hormone

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15
Q

Which hormones in the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones?

A

FLAT

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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16
Q

What is a hormone that causes the release of another hormone?

A

Tropic hormone

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17
Q

How is the anterior pituitary controlled?

A

It is controlled hormonally by the hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the posterior pituitary made up of?

A

Neural tissue

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19
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary make?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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20
Q

How is the anterior pituitary controlled?

A

It is controlled neurally by the hypothalamus

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21
Q

How is the hypothalamus controlled?

A

It is controlled humorally and neurally

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22
Q

What are portal veins?

A

They are the veins that connect the two capillaries found on the hormone producing cells of the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What are the two other names of portal veins?

A

Hypophyseal and Hypothalamic

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24
Q

How is prolactin released?

A

It is released when prolactin inhibiting hormone secretion is stopped from the hypothalamus.

The difference between prolactin and the other hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary is that the rest have releasing hormones (RH) that is secreted from the hypothalamus instead of an inhibiting hormone

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25
Are arteries elastic?
Yes
26
Do arteries have muscular walls?
Yes
27
Do veins have muscular walls?
No
28
Are veins elastic?
No
29
How is fluid drawn back into the veins near capillaries?
Through osmosis since the blood is very concentrated
30
What is the structure of the lymphatic system like?
It is similar to that of veins
31
`What does the lymphatic system do?
It picks up the left over fluid being pushed out by the arteries near the capillary and puts it back into circulation
32
What are lymph nodes?
They are concentrated area of white blood cells
33
Why are lymph nodes important?
They filter the fluid collected from tissues before putting it back into the circulatory system
34
Where is the highest pressure right after a heart contracts?
The pulmonary artery and the aorta
35
Which chambers of the heart create the highest pressure when they contract?
Right and left ventricle
36
What is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle called?
Tricuspid AV valve
37
What is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle called?
Bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
38
What the valve on the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
39
What the valve on the aorta?
Aortic semilunar valve
40
What does systole mean?
Heart contracted
41
What does diastole mean?
Heart relaxed
42
What is the 1st sound "Lub" when listening to the heart?
1) Close atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid) | 2) At the beginning of systole
43
What is the 2nd sound "Dub" when listening to the heart?
1) Closing of semilunar valves (SV) | 2) At the beginning of diastole
44
What is blood pressure directly proportional to?
1) Cardiac output | 2) Peripheral resistance
45
What is the equation of cardiac output (vol pumped/min)
Stroke volume (vol pumped/beat) * Heart rate (beats/min)
46
How hard it is to move blood through vessels is referred to as?
Peripheral resistance
47
What are the steps of cardiac muscle action potential?
1) voltage-gated Na+ channels open at threshold 2) voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate at +40mV 3) voltage-gated K+ channels open and mV drops 4) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and mV plateaus 5) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close which leads to the potential going back to rest once voltage-gated K+ channels close as well.
48
Nervous system action potential vs cardiac muscle action potential?
Cardiac muscle action potential takes 100 times as long to go back from firing to get to rest
49
What is tetany (tetanic contraction)?
Steady state, solid unmoving contraction
50
What is the long absolute refractory period?
It is a period which prevents the frequency of action potentials from increasing high enough to cause tetany
51
What are cardiac autorhythmic cells?
They are cells that start the action potential in cardiac muscles
52
What are leak channels?
Channels that are always open They are what cause threshold to be reached in autorhythmic cells (Na+ leak channels)
53
Cardiac autorhythmic cells vs cardiac cells?
Instead of voltage-gated Na+ channels opening at threshold, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
54
Which has the leakiest channel, SA or AV node?
The SA node
55
Why does AV node delay impulse?
To let atria contract before ventricles
56
Are atrial and ventricular cells connected electrically?
No, they are connected by gap junctions
57
What are the 3 parts found in whole blood?
Plasma, hematocrit (RBC), leukocytes
58
In order to dissolve in plasma?
You have to be hydrophobic or attach to something hydrophobic
59
Where are self-recognizing B-cells destroyed?
In the bone marrow
60
Where are self-recognizing T-cells destroyed?
In the thymus

mcat biochem (16 decks)

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