Endocrine, Cardiovascular and Immunology Flashcards
Endocrine vs exocrine glands?
Inside the bloodstream vs outside the bloodstream
What is the product of endocrine glands?
Hormones
What are some products of exocrine glands?
Enzymes, Bile, Saliva, Tears, Semen, Earwax, Mucus, Breastmilk, and Stomach acid
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
No
Do exocrine glands have ducts?
Yes except mucus cells
What are the two type of hormones?
Peptide and steroids
What are peptide hormones?
1) They are made from amino acids.
2) Their receptors are located on the cell surface
3) They use 2nd messenger systems
4) They have fast effects (like epinephrine)
5) They are temporary
What are steroid hormones?
1) They are made from cholesterol
2) Their receptors are located intracellularly
3) They bind DNA and modify transcription to have an effect
4) They have slow effects
5) They are permanent
What are the three mechanisms to control hormone release?
Neural, Hormonal and Humoral
How is hormone release controlled by neural?
An action potential triggers release of a hormone
How is hormone release controlled by hormonal
A hormone triggers release of another hormone
How is hormone release controlled by humoral?
Something in the blood (not itself a hormone) triggers release of a hormone
Eg: glucose regulates insulin and glucagon
What is the anterior pituitary made up of?
Gland tissue
What 6 major hormones does the anterior pituitary make?
FLAT PiG
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin and growth hormone
Which hormones in the anterior pituitary are tropic hormones?
FLAT
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
What is a hormone that causes the release of another hormone?
Tropic hormone
How is the anterior pituitary controlled?
It is controlled hormonally by the hypothalamus
What is the posterior pituitary made up of?
Neural tissue
What hormones does the posterior pituitary make?
Oxytocin and ADH
How is the anterior pituitary controlled?
It is controlled neurally by the hypothalamus
How is the hypothalamus controlled?
It is controlled humorally and neurally
What are portal veins?
They are the veins that connect the two capillaries found on the hormone producing cells of the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
What are the two other names of portal veins?
Hypophyseal and Hypothalamic
How is prolactin released?
It is released when prolactin inhibiting hormone secretion is stopped from the hypothalamus.
The difference between prolactin and the other hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary is that the rest have releasing hormones (RH) that is secreted from the hypothalamus instead of an inhibiting hormone
Are arteries elastic?
Yes
Do arteries have muscular walls?
Yes
Do veins have muscular walls?
No
Are veins elastic?
No
How is fluid drawn back into the veins near capillaries?
Through osmosis since the blood is very concentrated
What is the structure of the lymphatic system like?
It is similar to that of veins
`What does the lymphatic system do?
It picks up the left over fluid being pushed out by the arteries near the capillary and puts it back into circulation
What are lymph nodes?
They are concentrated area of white blood cells
Why are lymph nodes important?
They filter the fluid collected from tissues before putting it back into the circulatory system
Where is the highest pressure right after a heart contracts?
The pulmonary artery and the aorta
Which chambers of the heart create the highest pressure when they contract?
Right and left ventricle
What is the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle called?
Tricuspid AV valve
What is the valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle called?
Bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
What the valve on the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary semilunar valve
What the valve on the aorta?
Aortic semilunar valve
What does systole mean?
Heart contracted
What does diastole mean?
Heart relaxed
What is the 1st sound “Lub” when listening to the heart?
1) Close atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid)
2) At the beginning of systole
What is the 2nd sound “Dub” when listening to the heart?
1) Closing of semilunar valves (SV)
2) At the beginning of diastole
What is blood pressure directly proportional to?
1) Cardiac output
2) Peripheral resistance
What is the equation of cardiac output (vol pumped/min)
Stroke volume (vol pumped/beat) * Heart rate (beats/min)
How hard it is to move blood through vessels is referred to as?
Peripheral resistance
What are the steps of cardiac muscle action potential?
1) voltage-gated Na+ channels open at threshold
2) voltage-gated Na+ channels inactivate at +40mV
3) voltage-gated K+ channels open and mV drops
4) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and mV plateaus
5) voltage-gated Ca2+ channels close which leads to the potential going back to rest once voltage-gated K+ channels close as well.
Nervous system action potential vs cardiac muscle action potential?
Cardiac muscle action potential takes 100 times as long to go back from firing to get to rest
What is tetany (tetanic contraction)?
Steady state, solid unmoving contraction
What is the long absolute refractory period?
It is a period which prevents the frequency of action potentials from increasing high enough to cause tetany
What are cardiac autorhythmic cells?
They are cells that start the action potential in cardiac muscles
What are leak channels?
Channels that are always open
They are what cause threshold to be reached in autorhythmic cells (Na+ leak channels)
Cardiac autorhythmic cells vs cardiac cells?
Instead of voltage-gated Na+ channels opening at threshold, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
Which has the leakiest channel, SA or AV node?
The SA node
Why does AV node delay impulse?
To let atria contract before ventricles
Are atrial and ventricular cells connected electrically?
No, they are connected by gap junctions
What are the 3 parts found in whole blood?
Plasma, hematocrit (RBC), leukocytes
In order to dissolve in plasma?
You have to be hydrophobic or attach to something hydrophobic
Where are self-recognizing B-cells destroyed?
In the bone marrow
Where are self-recognizing T-cells destroyed?
In the thymus
