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mcat biochem > biochem I > Flashcards

biochem I Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 macro-molecules?

A

Protein,Carbohydrates, lipids,nucleic acids

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2
Q

Enzymes that make macro-molecules are called

A

Polymerases

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3
Q

Polymerization often occurs via

A

dehydration synthesis aka condensation

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4
Q

The opposite of a dehydration reaction is called

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid

A

H2N-CH-COOH with an R group attached to the CH

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6
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Formed when two amino acids go through a dehydration synthesis (CO-NH)

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7
Q

Which way are proteins synthesized

A

N to C synthesis

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8
Q

Tertiary structure (folding) is due to what interactions within a polypeptide?

A

Side chain interactions

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9
Q

What are the three non-covalent interactions in tertiary structure?

A

Non-polar to non-polar
Polar to polar
Acid to base

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10
Q

What causes the covalent interaction in tertiary structures?

A

Disulfide bridges

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11
Q

How are Quaternary structures similar to tertiary structures

A

They both are formed due to side chain interactions except quaternary is between different polypeptides while tertiary is within a polypeptide.

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12
Q

What are some functions of a protein?

A

Enzymes, receptors, channels, porters, transport, cell structure, antibodies, hormones etc…

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13
Q

What is a monomer of carbohydrates called?

A

monosaccharide

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14
Q

What are the 3 common monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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15
Q

What are the 3 common disaccharides?

A

Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose

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16
Q

How do you form Maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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17
Q

How do you form Sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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18
Q

How do you for Galactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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19
Q

What is the formula of a disaccharide?

A

C12H22O11

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20
Q

What are the 3 common polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose

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21
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Animal glucose storage

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22
Q

What is starch?

A

Plant glucose storage

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23
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Plant structure

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24
Q

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?

A

Cellular energy, cell surface markers and adhesion (prokaryotes)

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25
Q

What is a monomer of a lipid?

A

Hydrocarbon

26
Q

What is a fully saturated fatty acid?

A

All single bonds between the carbons

27
Q

What state are saturated fatty acids at room temperature?

A

They are solids

28
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

There will be double bonds between the carbons

29
Q

What state are unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature?

A

Liquid

30
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol

31
Q

In what form do humans store energy?

A

As triglycerides

32
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

2 fatty acids connected to a glycerol with the third fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group

33
Q

What is the function of phopholipids?

A

cell membrane (phopholipid bilayer)

34
Q

What is a terpene

A

Made up of atleast two isoprene

35
Q

What is a squalene?

A

It is a tri-terpene

36
Q

What is the function of a terpene?

A

Precursor for cholesterol, steroids and ear wax

37
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

Cell membrane, bile salts, steroid precursor and vitamin D precursors.

38
Q

What are the 4 types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, terpenes and cholesterol

39
Q

Can we consider enthalpy from Gibbs free energy as a potential or kinetic energy?

A

Potential Energy

40
Q

Can we consider entropy x Temperature from Gibbs free energy equation as a potential or kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy

41
Q

G<0 means the reaction is?

A

Spontaneous

42
Q

G>0 means the reaction is?

A

Non-spontaneous

43
Q

G=0 means the reaction is?

A

At equilibrium

44
Q

What is exergonic?

A

A reaction that gives off energy

45
Q

What is endergonic?

A

A reaction that requires energy

46
Q

What is a coupling reaction?

A

Coupling an exergonic with an endergonic reaction to allow for a spontaneous reaction to occur

47
Q

What is an intermediate compound?

A

It is a high energy, temporary compound and it is also known as a transition state.

48
Q

What is the energy of activation?

A

Energy needed to produce the transition state

49
Q

Is the relationship of activation energy and rate of reaction inversely or directly proportional?

A

Inverse

50
Q

Do catalysts/enzymes affect thermodynamics?

A

No

51
Q

Do enzymes affect kinetics?

A

Yes

52
Q

What are the two ways enzymes increase the rate of reaction?

A

By stabilizing the transition state and reducing the activation energy

53
Q

What are the three distinct characteristics of enzymes?

A
  1. Must increase rate of reaction
  2. Must not be used in the reaction
  3. It is specific
54
Q

What is another name for an “off” enzyme

A

Tense

55
Q

What is another name for an “on” enzyme

A

Relaxed

56
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Sticking a phosphate to an enzyme to turn it on or off

57
Q

What is Km?

A

[S} required to reach 1/2 Vmax

58
Q

Decreased Km will be caused by?

A

Increased affinity

59
Q

What is competitive inhibition (binds at active site)?

A

Higher Km and similar Vmax compared to uninhibited

60
Q

What is non-competitive inhibition (binds at an allosteric site)?

A

Similar Km and reduced Vmax compared to uninhibited

61
Q

What is uncompetitive inhibition (binds at allosteric site)?

A

Decreased Vmax and Km compared to uninhibited

62
Q

What is mixed inhibition (binds at allosteric site)?

A

Vmax decreases and Km varies compared to uninhibited

mcat biochem (16 decks)

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