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biochem I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 macro-molecules?

A

Protein,Carbohydrates, lipids,nucleic acids

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2
Q

Enzymes that make macro-molecules are called

A

Polymerases

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3
Q

Polymerization often occurs via

A

dehydration synthesis aka condensation

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4
Q

The opposite of a dehydration reaction is called

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid

A

H2N-CH-COOH with an R group attached to the CH

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6
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

Formed when two amino acids go through a dehydration synthesis (CO-NH)

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7
Q

Which way are proteins synthesized

A

N to C synthesis

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8
Q

Tertiary structure (folding) is due to what interactions within a polypeptide?

A

Side chain interactions

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9
Q

What are the three non-covalent interactions in tertiary structure?

A

Non-polar to non-polar
Polar to polar
Acid to base

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10
Q

What causes the covalent interaction in tertiary structures?

A

Disulfide bridges

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11
Q

How are Quaternary structures similar to tertiary structures

A

They both are formed due to side chain interactions except quaternary is between different polypeptides while tertiary is within a polypeptide.

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12
Q

What are some functions of a protein?

A

Enzymes, receptors, channels, porters, transport, cell structure, antibodies, hormones etc…

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13
Q

What is a monomer of carbohydrates called?

A

monosaccharide

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14
Q

What are the 3 common monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

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15
Q

What are the 3 common disaccharides?

A

Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose

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16
Q

How do you form Maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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17
Q

How do you form Sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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18
Q

How do you for Galactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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19
Q

What is the formula of a disaccharide?

A

C12H22O11

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20
Q

What are the 3 common polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen, Starch and Cellulose

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21
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Animal glucose storage

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22
Q

What is starch?

A

Plant glucose storage

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23
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Plant structure

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24
Q

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?

A

Cellular energy, cell surface markers and adhesion (prokaryotes)

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25
What is a monomer of a lipid?
Hydrocarbon
26
What is a fully saturated fatty acid?
All single bonds between the carbons
27
What state are saturated fatty acids at room temperature?
They are solids
28
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
There will be double bonds between the carbons
29
What state are unsaturated fatty acids at room temperature?
Liquid
30
What is a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol
31
In what form do humans store energy?
As triglycerides
32
What is a phospholipid?
2 fatty acids connected to a glycerol with the third fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group
33
What is the function of phopholipids?
cell membrane (phopholipid bilayer)
34
What is a terpene
Made up of atleast two isoprene
35
What is a squalene?
It is a tri-terpene
36
What is the function of a terpene?
Precursor for cholesterol, steroids and ear wax
37
What is the function of cholesterol?
Cell membrane, bile salts, steroid precursor and vitamin D precursors.
38
What are the 4 types of lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, terpenes and cholesterol
39
Can we consider enthalpy from Gibbs free energy as a potential or kinetic energy?
Potential Energy
40
Can we consider entropy x Temperature from Gibbs free energy equation as a potential or kinetic energy?
Kinetic energy
41
G<0 means the reaction is?
Spontaneous
42
G>0 means the reaction is?
Non-spontaneous
43
G=0 means the reaction is?
At equilibrium
44
What is exergonic?
A reaction that gives off energy
45
What is endergonic?
A reaction that requires energy
46
What is a coupling reaction?
Coupling an exergonic with an endergonic reaction to allow for a spontaneous reaction to occur
47
What is an intermediate compound?
It is a high energy, temporary compound and it is also known as a transition state.
48
What is the energy of activation?
Energy needed to produce the transition state
49
Is the relationship of activation energy and rate of reaction inversely or directly proportional?
Inverse
50
Do catalysts/enzymes affect thermodynamics?
No
51
Do enzymes affect kinetics?
Yes
52
What are the two ways enzymes increase the rate of reaction?
By stabilizing the transition state and reducing the activation energy
53
What are the three distinct characteristics of enzymes?
1. Must increase rate of reaction 2. Must not be used in the reaction 3. It is specific
54
What is another name for an "off" enzyme
Tense
55
What is another name for an "on" enzyme
Relaxed
56
What is phosphorylation?
Sticking a phosphate to an enzyme to turn it on or off
57
What is Km?
[S} required to reach 1/2 Vmax
58
Decreased Km will be caused by?
Increased affinity
59
What is competitive inhibition (binds at active site)?
Higher Km and similar Vmax compared to uninhibited
60
What is non-competitive inhibition (binds at an allosteric site)?
Similar Km and reduced Vmax compared to uninhibited
61
What is uncompetitive inhibition (binds at allosteric site)?
Decreased Vmax and Km compared to uninhibited
62
What is mixed inhibition (binds at allosteric site)?
Vmax decreases and Km varies compared to uninhibited

mcat biochem (16 decks)

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