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mcat biochem > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Does meiosis or mitosis have PMAT I and PMAT II

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

Does a cell go back into G1 phase in meiosis like it does in mitosis?

A

No, the cycle ends at telophase II.

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3
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Same genes, same order but different alleles (comes from different parents)

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4
Q

What is the goal of meiosis I?

A

To separate homologous pairs

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5
Q

What is synapsis in prophase I?

A

Pairing up of homologous chromosomes

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6
Q

What are the two thing that happen in meiosis I that does not in mitosis?

A

1) synapsis - pairing of homologous chromosomes

2) crossing over - DNA exchange

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7
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

The tetrads are aligned at cell center

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8
Q

What are tetrads?

A

Four chromosomes (2 homologous pairs that have sister chromatids attached to each of them)

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9
Q

What happens in anaphase I?

A

1) Pull homologous pairs apart into different poles

2) Start cytokinesis

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10
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A

1) Reverse mitotic prophase (eggs do it but not sperm)

2) Finish cytokinesis

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11
Q

Which part (I or II) of meiosis the same as mitosis?

A

Meiosis II

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12
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

The failure to properly separate DNA during gamete formation (meiosis)

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13
Q

How can you tell a nondisjunction in anaphase I vs anaphase II

A

Anaphase I failure would lead to four abnormal cells at the end

Anaphase II failure would lead to two abnormal cells at the end

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14
Q

What is a trait that comes with many forms (hair color)?

A

Polymorphic trait

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15
Q

What is a version of a gene?

A

Allele

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16
Q

What is a trait determined by many genes (height)?

A

Polygenic trait

17
Q

What is classical dominance (genetics)?

A

When one allele is dominant and another one is silent.

18
Q

What is incomplete dominance (genetics)?

A

When a new phenotype is seen by a heterozygous due to both the dominant and recessive allele playing a role.

Eg: flower colors (pink flower from red and white)

19
Q

What is codominance (genetics)?

A

When the two traits are both seen in the phenotype at the same time.

Eg: blood type (A, B or AB)

20
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Dominance between different genes and not between different alleles of the same gene.

Eg: albino gene prevents the expression of pigment genes. Albinos have the pigment gene, it is just suppressed.

21
Q

Is Rh factor an example of classical dominance?

A

Yes it is.

Eg: IaiRr = type A+, iiRR = type O+

22
Q

What is transfusion reactions?

A

The immune system reacting to foreign proteins due to the wrong type of blood type being transfused to a person.

23
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

Type O-

24
Q

What is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB+

25
Q

What is the law of independent assortment?

A

How one pair of alleles separates is independent of how other pairs separate

26
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes found very close together on the same chromosome that might not sort independently.

27
Q

Which generation can you tell gene linkage from?

A

F2 generation

28
Q

What is 9:3:3:1 ratio (genetics)?

A

Classic expected unlinked ratio when a dihybrid is crossed. (BbSs with BbSs)

If the ratio is off, then the genes are linked.

29
Q

What is the expected unlinked ratio when BbSs is mixed with bbss?

A

1:1:1:1

30
Q

What is the equation of recombination frequency?

A

(# of recombinants / total # of offspring) * 100

31
Q

What is 12.5% of recombination frequency translate to in map units?

A

12.5 map units

It means the genes are 12.5 map units away from each other. It’s small so the genes are close to each other.

32
Q

More recombination on a chromosome when?

A

The genes are further apart

33
Q

What is the hardy-weinberg allele frequency equation?

A

p+q=1

34
Q

What is the hardy-weinberg genotype frequency equation?

A

pp+2pq+qq=1

35
Q

What are the 5 conditions for the hardy-weinberg to hold true?

A

1) No mutation
2) No natural selection
3) Total random mating
4) Large populations only
5) No migration

mcat biochem (16 decks)

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