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Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is sexual and asexual

A

asexual: where 1 parent provides all the genetic information, the offspring is an exact copy (clone)
sexual: where 2 parents provide the genetic nfo, the offspring is unique

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2
Q

how does asexual reproduction happen

A

when the cell divide by mitosis then break off the parent to form a new identical organism

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3
Q

how does sexual reproduction happen (3)

A

sex cells are produced called gametes
there are 2 tyes of gametes, male and female gametes
the male and female gamete fuse togethor to form a zygote

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4
Q

how does the zygote reproduce

A

mitosis

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5
Q

where the the gametes produced

A

male gametes, sperm are made in the testes
female, eggs are made in the ovaries

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6
Q

why are gametes called haploid cells

A

because haploid cells means a cell with only half genetic info, only 23 chromosomes
this is because they are gonna fuse with male gametes to form a zygote, 23+23=46

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7
Q

what are gametes and when are they produces

A

In sexual reproduction, gametes are produced
Gametes = specialised sex cells

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8
Q

what are diploid and haploid cells

A

Diploid = (Di = 2) x2 - diploid is the full set of chromosomes
Haploid = (Ha = Half) - half the set of chromosomes

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9
Q

what type of cells are gametes, dip or haploid

A

Gametes are haploids in order to restore the original number of chromosomes upon fertilisation

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10
Q

what is fertilisation

A

fertilisation = the fusion of the nuclei from both gametes

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11
Q

what is the scientific name of egg cell

A

Ovum/Ova = egg cell

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12
Q

what is a zygotes

A

Zygote = fertilised egg cell

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13
Q

what type of cell division happens in asexual reproduction

A

In asexual reproduction, mitosis is the only type of cell division

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14
Q

what type of cell division happens in sexual reproduction

A

In sexual reproduction we have both meiosis and mitosis
Gametes are produced via meiosis, and then the zygote becomes an embryo, fetus, baby via mitosis

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15
Q

why are gametes HAPploid cells

A

gametes have 23 chromosomes each so that when the nucleus of the gametes fuse togethor in fertilisation, the zygote with contain 46 becomes a diploid cell so that the original number of chromosomes are restored.

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16
Q

name a animal which reproduces asexually

A

Hydra, a type of jellyfish, is one of the few animals to reproduce asexually. The offspring buds off the parent jellyfish.

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17
Q

what is the cell cycle for when mitosis happens

A

The cell grows - everything in it duplicates - the cytoplasm, the organelles, chromosomes
Mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase remember like PMAT

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18
Q

what happens in prophase

A

In prophase, the nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromatin coils around histones and condenses into chromosomes. Spindle fibres form at the poles and attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.

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19
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

In metaphase, the spindle fibres arrange the chromosomes at the equator of the nucleus

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20
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

In anaphase, the spindle fibres contract, pulling apart the sister chromatids and pull them in to the poles of the cell

21
Q

what happens in telophase

A

In telophase, the nuclear membrane forms and the cell membrane starts to cleave

22
Q

what is the DNA called before it is coiled into chromosomes

23
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

the movement of the cytoplasm, the final part of the cell splitting

24
Q

what are the adaptations of the sperm cell

A

has lots of mitochondria for respiration for energy to swim
has a flagella, a tail to swim
has acrosomes which release digestive enzymes to penetrate the ova walll

25
what is fertilization
Fertilisation = the fusion of the nuclei of the egg (ova) and sperm cells
26
what are the 2 types of fertilisation and what do they mean
There is INTERNAL fertilisation which takes place INSIDE the body, and there is EXTERNAL fertilisation which takes place OUTSIDE the body
27
what does mating behaviour do
Mating behaviour increases the chances of successful fertilisation by ensuring that both male and female are there when the ova is released for it to be fertilised immediately
28
give an example of mating behaviour
a peacock spreading its wings to attract the female
29
describe the flowchart of pregnancy
ovulation sperm enters sperm swims to the fallopian tubes sperm is fertilised zygote attaches to the uterus lining the zygote undergoes mitosis embryo develops placenta
30
describe the stages in the flowchart of pregnancy
Ovulation --> ovum released from the ovaries into the oviduct (fallopian tube) Sperm enters through the vagina, through the cervix, through the uterus into the oviduct to the ovum which it then fertilises Zygote (fertilised egg) goes into uterus The zygote undergoes mitosis --> becomes embryo --> implants in the uterine wall Embryo develops placenta (gets oxygen and nutrient’s from mum’s blood via placenta)
31
what is the placenta
an organ which supplies the embryo with nutrients whilst also filtering out waste. Think of the placenta like a dialysis machine - it gives the baby the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and removes waste products like urea and carbon dioxide
32
what hormone does the placenta secret and why
The placenta secretes progesterone which maintains the uterine lining being thick
33
what is the amniotic sac
Amnion/ Amniotic sac = a membrane encased around the embryo/fetus/baby, which is filled with a fluid called amniotic fluid.
34
what does the amniotic sac do
This protects the baby when the mother moves zygote --> embryo --> fetus --> baby
35
how is oxyticin released
near birth, the baby moves downwards near the vaginal canal, putting pressure on the cervix, stimulating the release of oxyticin from the pituitary gland
36
what are the 3 stages of giving birth
3 STAGES OF GIVING BIRTH: Dilation of the cervix. Oxytocin makes uterine contractions stronger (uterus is a muscle, so it contracts). This strong contraction increases pressure inside the amniotic sac, causing the amnion to tear. Delivery of the baby - Uterus contracts, pushing the baby out through the cervix and through the vagina. (Mother is told to try to ‘poo’ - the same muscles used to poo are the ones that push a baby out Delivery of the placenta (this is callde the afterbirth) - the uterus continues contracting, pushing out the placenta and the amnion (placenta+amnion=afterbirth
37
how long is the menstrual cycle
the mentsrual cycle is 28 days
38
what happens in the first stage and for how long
the first stage is when the uterus lining breaks down for 5 days
39
what happens in the second stage of the menstrual cycle
the second stage is when the follicle starts to mature from 5-13 where at day 14 the egg fully matures
40
what happens in the third stage of the menstrual cycle
at day 14 the egg fully matures becoming a corpus luteum due to the FS Hormone maturing it and when it fully matures,
41
why is the egg released
the mature egg is released from a follicle due to the increase Luteinising hormone in the ovulation phase
42
what happens when the follicle bursts
a spike in LH and FSH happens and the egg cell is released from the follicle, the burst follicle becomes a corpus luteam
43
what happens to the uterus lining during ovulation and why
the uterus lining starts to thicken at the same time due to the increase in levels of Oestrogen
44
what hormone maintains the uterus lining
after the uterus lining has fully thickened the level of progesterone is increased helping to maintain the uterus lining
45
if pregancy doesnt happen, what happens to the uterus lining and why
if pregnancy doesnt happen, the cycle starts again where the uterus lining breaks down due to the decline in progesterone
46
what happens to the follicle after it bursts
Once the follicle bursts open to release the egg, it swells, and becomes a yellow body called the corpus luteum
47
what happens to the corpus luteum and what does it do
The corpus luteum grows from the burst follicle due to the LH It is the corpus luteum that makes and secretes progesterone When a woman gets pregnant, progesterone is released from the placenta
48

Biology (17 decks)

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