Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is sexual and asexual

A

asexual: where 1 parent provides all the genetic information, the offspring is an exact copy (clone)
sexual: where 2 parents provide the genetic nfo, the offspring is unique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does asexual reproduction happen

A

when the cell divide by mitosis then break off the parent to form a new identical organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how does sexual reproduction happen (3)

A

sex cells are produced called gametes
there are 2 tyes of gametes, male and female gametes
the male and female gamete fuse togethor to form a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does the zygote reproduce

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where the the gametes produced

A

male gametes, sperm are made in the testes
female, eggs are made in the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why are gametes called haploid cells

A

because haploid cells means a cell with only half genetic info, only 23 chromosomes
this is because they are gonna fuse with male gametes to form a zygote, 23+23=46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are gametes and when are they produces

A

In sexual reproduction, gametes are produced
Gametes = specialised sex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are diploid and haploid cells

A

Diploid = (Di = 2) x2 - diploid is the full set of chromosomes
Haploid = (Ha = Half) - half the set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of cells are gametes, dip or haploid

A

Gametes are haploids in order to restore the original number of chromosomes upon fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is fertilisation

A

fertilisation = the fusion of the nuclei from both gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the scientific name of egg cell

A

Ovum/Ova = egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a zygotes

A

Zygote = fertilised egg cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what type of cell division happens in asexual reproduction

A

In asexual reproduction, mitosis is the only type of cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of cell division happens in sexual reproduction

A

In sexual reproduction we have both meiosis and mitosis
Gametes are produced via meiosis, and then the zygote becomes an embryo, fetus, baby via mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why are gametes diploid cells

A

gametes have 23 chromosomes each so that when the nucleus of the gametes fuse togethor in fertilisation, the zygote with contain 46 becomes a diploid cell so that the original number of chromosomes are restored.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name a animal which reproduces asexually

A

Hydra, a type of jellyfish, is one of the few animals to reproduce asexually. The offspring buds off the parent jellyfish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the cell cycle for when mitosis happens

A

The cell grows - everything in it duplicates - the cytoplasm, the organelles, chromosomes
Mitosis

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase remember like PMAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens in prophase

A

In prophase, the nuclear membrane dissolves. Chromatin coils around histones and condenses into chromosomes. Spindle fibres form at the poles and attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

In metaphase, the spindle fibres arrange the chromosomes at the equator of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

In anaphase, the spindle fibres contract, pulling apart the sister chromatids and pull them in to the poles of the cell

21
Q

what happens in telophase

A

In telophase, the nuclear membrane forms and the cell membrane starts to cleave

22
Q

what is the DNA called before it is coiled into chromosomes

A

chromatin

23
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

the movement of the cytoplasm, the final part of the cell splitting

24
Q

what are the adaptations of the sperm cell

A

has lots of mitochondria for respiration for energy to swim
has a flagella, a tail to swim
has acrosomes which release digestive enzymes to penetrate the ova walll

25
Q

what is fertilization

A

Fertilisation = the fusion of the nuclei of the egg (ova) and sperm cells

26
Q

what are the 2 types of fertilisation and what do they mean

A

There is INTERNAL fertilisation which takes place INSIDE the body, and there is EXTERNAL fertilisation which takes place OUTSIDE the body

27
Q

what does mating behaviour do

A

Mating behaviour increases the chances of successful fertilisation by ensuring that both male and female are there when the ova is released for it to be fertilised immediately

28
Q

give an example of mating behaviour

A

a peacock spreading its wings to attract the female

29
Q

describe the flowchart of pregnancy

A

ovulation
sperm enters
sperm swims to the fallopian tubes
sperm is fertilised
sperm attaches to the uterus lining
the zygote undergoes mitosis
embryo develops placenta

30
Q

describe the stages in the flowchart of pregnancy

A

Ovulation –> ovum released from the ovaries into the oviduct (fallopian tube)
Sperm enters through the vagina, through the cervix, through the uterus into the oviduct to the ovum which it then fertilises
Zygote (fertilised egg) goes into uterus
The zygote undergoes mitosis –> becomes embryo –> implants in the uterine wall
Embryo develops placenta (gets oxygen and nutrient’s from mum’s blood via placenta)

31
Q

what is the placenta

A

an organ which supplies the embryo with nutrients whilst also filtering out waste. Think of the placenta like a dialysis machine - it gives the baby the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and removes waste products like urea and carbon dioxide

32
Q

what hormone does the placenta secret and why

A

The placenta secretes progesterone which maintains the uterine lining being thick

33
Q

what is the amniotic sac

A

Amnion/ Amniotic sac = a membrane encased around the embryo/fetus/baby, which is filled with a fluid called amniotic fluid.

34
Q

what does the amniotic sac do

A

This protects the baby when the mother moves
zygote –> embryo –> fetus –> baby

35
Q

how is oxyticin released

A

near birth, the baby moves downwards near the vaginal canal, putting pressure on the cervix, stimulating the release of oxyticin from the pituitary gland

36
Q

what are the 3 stages of giving birth

A

3 STAGES OF GIVING BIRTH:
Dilation of the cervix. Oxytocin makes uterine contractions stronger (uterus is a muscle, so it contracts). This strong contraction increases pressure inside the amniotic sac, causing the amnion to tear.
Delivery of the baby - Uterus contracts, pushing the baby out through the cervix and through the vagina. (Mother is told to try to ‘poo’ - the same muscles used to poo are the ones that push a baby out
Delivery of the placenta (this is callde the afterbirth) - the uterus continues contracting, pushing out the placenta and the amnion (placenta+amnion=afterbirth

37
Q

how long is the menstrual cycle

A

the mentsrual cycle is 28 days

38
Q

what happens in the first stage and for how long

A

the first stage is when the uterus lining breaks down for 5 days

39
Q

what happens in the second stage of the menstrual cycle

A

the second stage is when the follicle starts to mature from 5-13 where at day 14 the egg fully matures

40
Q

what happens in the third stage of the menstrual cycle

A

at day 14 the egg fully matures becoming a corpus luteum due to the FS Hormone maturing it and when it fully matures,

41
Q

why is the egg released

A

the mature egg is released from a follicle due to the increase Luteinising hormone in the ovulation phase

42
Q

what happens when the follicle bursts

A

a spike in LH and FSH happens and the egg cell is released from the follicle, the burst follicle becomes a corpus luteam

43
Q

what happens to the uterus lining during ovulation and why

A

the uterus lining starts to thicken at the same time due to the increase in levels of Oestrogen

44
Q

what hormone maintains the uterus lining

A

after the uterus lining has fully thickened the level of progesterone is increased helping to maintain the uterus lining

45
Q

if pregancy doesnt happen, what happens to the uterus lining and why

A

if pregnancy doesnt happen, the cycle starts again where the uterus lining breaks down due to the decline in progesterone

46
Q

what happens to the follicle after it bursts

A

Once the follicle bursts open to release the egg, it swells, and becomes a yellow body called the corpus luteum

47
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum and what does it do

A

The corpus luteum grows from the burst follicle due to the LH
It is the corpus luteum that makes and secretes progesterone
When a woman gets pregnant, progesterone is released from the placenta

48
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions