Immunity Flashcards
++what are pathogens
disease causing microorganisms
what are communicable and non commincable diseases
commincable are disease that spread and non communicable diseases dont spread
what are viruses
non living parasites that only reproduce within a host, NOT made up of living cells, just some loose genetic material within a protein coat
how do viruses damage cells
the virus takes over the cells genetic machinery and use the cells resources to synthesise its parts, when the proccess is finished it bursts out the cells, destroying them
why are viruses not living organisms
because they dont follow the life procceses of a normal living organism (MRS GREN), they only reproduce which they do parasitically
how do lymphocytes detect pathogens
using the anitgen, and protein, which indentifies it as foreign, every cells has an antigen
how does the WBC destroy pathogens
antibodies make all the bacteria stick to together for the phagocyte to engulf and ingest them more easily
labelling those as pathogens, to allow phagocytes to recognise
cause the bacterial cells to burst open
produces anti-toxins to neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria
talk about primary and secondary immune responses
Some lymphocytes become memory cells - last from a year to a lifetime
Should this same pathogen re-enter the body, the memory cells rapidly produce lots of antibodies that deal with the pathogens - when the memory cells are used like this, this is the SECONDARY immune response
the secondary immune response is much faster and more effective than the primary - deals with the pathogens before they even have the chance to multiply enough to cause disease and symptoms
describe how vaccines work, in detail
Vaccines = dead or inactive form of the pathogen with the antigens
A vaccine allows the lymphocytes to produce antibodies, without the dangers of actual pathogens that may cause harm
1. Lymphocytes detect the pathogen/antigens as foreign
2. they make antibodies for this pathogen
3. memory cells are produced for this pathogen
4. when a live form of the pathogen enters the body, a secondary immune response is triggered
5. the memory cells produce lots of antibodies very quickly. before the pathogens multiply enough to cause disease/symptoms
Examples of vaccines:
Influenza - just antigens
typhoid/whooping cough - dead pathogens
TB - tuberculosis - weak pathogens
what are platelettes and whats there function
Platelets = fragments of large cells from bone marrow
the function of platelets is to develop clots to close up wounds to prevent infection
Process of clotting (thrombosis):
describe how platelets work
skin is cut, leading to air exposure
exposure to air stimulates platelets and tissue to produce a chemical
chemical causes the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin (fibrinogen = cement, fibrin = bricks - when there is a break in barrier, the exposure to air triggers you to convert your cement into bricks in order to build it back up)
fibrin forms a network across the cut - (think of it as a net) - red blood cells get trapped in this
this stops further blood loss and prevents entry of pathogens/microorganisms
what is HIV and what does it stand for
What does HIV stand for: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
The virus in HIV attacks the immune system itself, causing the number of white blood cells in the body to decrease - when this disease advances to a severe stage, it becomes AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
what bacteria produces antibiotic penicillin
penicillium
what pathogen is killed by anitbiotics
bacteria
