Excretion

Question 1

what is urea

Answer 1

nitrogenous waste product of the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver, urea is poisonous

Question 2

what is deamination

Answer 2

breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver( protein cant be stored so its

Question 3

how is urea removed

Answer 3

1. urea passes from the liver cells to blood
2. filtered out of the blood by the kidneys
3. passed out of the body in urine produced by kidneys along with any excess water and salt
   excess protein can’t be stored so is broken down by deamination by liver into ammonia –> very toxic
   eventhough urea is also toxic, the body has a mechanism to remove it

Question 4

what are te 2 sphincter muscles function

Answer 4

first muscle is involuntary and opens when the bladder has no more room, and second sphincter muscle relaxes and alert someone that they need to pee

Question 5

go and label urinary system

Answer 5

search diagram and find answers

Question 6

go and label kidneys diagram

Answer 6

search diagram and find answers

Question 7

what is cortex

Answer 7

outer layer of the kidneys which contains tiny blood vessels which branch of the renal artery and the nephron

Question 8

what are nephrons

Answer 8

the filtering units of the kidney

Question 9

what are medulla

Answer 9

middle section of the kidneys down which the nehprons run

Question 10

pyramids

Answer 10

bulges found in th medula, funnel like things which the nephrons run down into the renal pelvis

Question 11

what is the renal pelvis

Answer 11

centre of the kindey where the urine is emptied into which also has ureters connected

Question 12

ureters

Answer 12

tubes branching from the renal pevis into the bladder

Question 13

The bowman’s capsule

Answer 13

at the start of the nephron - a hollow cup of cells which surround the glomerulus

Question 14

Glomerulus

Answer 14

a ball of blood vessel where blood is filtered

Question 15

Basement memebrane

Answer 15

a layer inbetween the glomerulus and the bowmans capsule keeping all the cells together

Question 16

what substances can pass through in the ultra filtration process

Answer 16

salt ions, urea, water glucose and small molecules, ( big molecules cant pass through like blood cells and proteins)

Question 17

glomerular filtrate

Answer 17

the liquid in the capsule after the filtration

Question 18

ultra filtration

Answer 18

the process where different size molecules are filtered under pressure

Question 19

what is the proximal convulated tubule(PCT)

Answer 19

this is where all the usefull substances are reabsorbed into the blood ( selective reabsorption) like glucose, water and sodium ions, uses active transport

Question 20

loop of henle

Answer 20

makes the filtrate more concentrated by causing the reabsorption of water into the blood

Question 21

what is negative feedback

Answer 21

a system that works to maintain a steady state, does this by responding which oppose the inital change

Question 22

what is adrenaline

Answer 22

a hormone which is released when stressed, angry, excited or frightened:

Question 23

what does adrenaline cause

Answer 23

heart rate and breathing rate increase
glycogen in liver is converted to glucose for respiration
the pupils of your eyes dilate to let in more light
your mental awareness increases
blood is diverted away from the digestive system to the big muscles in limbs
adrenaline boosts oxygen delivery to the brain, preparing the body for fight or flight
adrenaline does not need a negative feedback system - the glands just stop producing it and systems return to normal

Question 24

what is antiduiretic hormone(ADH)

Answer 24

a hormone in the body which is released by the pituitary gland in response to low water concentration within the blood

Question 25

when there is less water in the blood

Answer 25

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect this
pituitary gland releases lots of ADH into the blood
Affects the kidney tubules so they reabsorb a lot more water
results in a small, concentrated volume of urine

Question 26

when there is more water in the blood

Answer 26

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect this
the pituitary gland releases less ADH into the bloodstream
this affects the kidney tubules and they reabsorbing less water
results in a large, dilute volume of urine.

Question 27

which one comes first ureter, urethra

Answer 27

ureter is smaller word so its first, kidney to bladder, rethra is from the bladder outside

Question 28

describe the process being formed in detail starting from the glomerulus

Answer 28

In the glomerulus there is a lot of pressure so anything which can out pass of the blood into the bowmans capsule will pass out except large molecules such as proteins, WBC rbc PLASMA ETC. Glucose, sodium ions, salts, urea, water is all diffused into the bowmans capsule