Endocrine System

Question 1

what is the endocrine system and its functions

Answer 1

Endocrine system = hormone system
Endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 2

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine

Answer 2

Exocrine system secretes hormones into ducts
Endocrine system Made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 3

what is a hormone

Answer 3

Hormone = Chemical messenger

Question 4

How do hormones function

Answer 4

Once it is secreted directly into the bloodstream, the blood takes it to its target organ
This target organ has receptors on its surface
The hormone binds to these receptors, triggering a response in the cells
Compared to the nervous system, hormones are a lot slower, but have longer-lasting effects

Question 5

Give examples of rapid hormones

Answer 5

Examples of rapid hormones are:
Adrenaline
Insulin

Question 6

Give examples of slow hormones

Answer 6

Examples of slow hormones are:
.1. Sex hormones
2. Growth hormones

Question 7

what is the pituitary gland

Answer 7

All the endocrine glands in the body are controlled by the master gland - the pSituitary gland
The pituitary gland is located in the hypothalamus

Question 8

how do some hormones differ from others relating to their effect

Answer 8

Some hormones affect the body directly (ADH in the kidneys), but some hormones affect the release of other hormones (FSH stimulates the production of oestrogen)

Question 9

what is glucose

Answer 9

glucose = a monosaccharide used in respiration

Question 10

what are the symptoms of glucose and why

Answer 10

a symptom of glucose is thirst because high blood glucose triggers the receptors in the hypothalamus, which makes you want to drink water to dilute the blood in an attempt to decrease the blood glucose concentration

Question 11

how can people detect their blood glucose

Answer 11

sometimes when a person’s blood has too much glucose, it goes into the urine, which can be detected in a urine dipstick test
people with diabetes can use a strip and sensor to test their blood glucose concentration

Question 12

what is glycogen

Answer 12

glycogen = a storage carbohydrate (a polymer of glucose) found in the liver and muscles

Question 13

what is glucagon

Answer 13

glucagon = a hormone that stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose - when glucose is gone, glucaGON is released

Question 14

where is insulin and glucagon produces in the pacreas

Answer 14

Cells in the pancreas, in the area called the Islets of Langerhan, produce insulin and glucagon

Question 15

what does insulin do

Answer 15

Insulin:
stimulates the movement of glucose from the blood, into cells, where it’s used
stimulates the conversion of soluble glucose into insoluble glycogen
insulin controls the storage of it in the liver and muscles
All of these reduces the BLOOD glucose concentration

Question 16

what does glucagon do

Answer 16

When glucose is too low, glucagon is released
Glucagon:
1.Stimulates the liver and muscles to break down glycogen into glucose, maintaining sugar levels
Receptors in the pancreas use the blood glucose concentration to keep it stable by switching between both of these hormones

Question 17

what does thyroxine do

Answer 17

Thyroxine = controls the body’s metabolic rate

Question 18

what does FSH do

Answer 18

FSH = stimulates the maturation of eggs, and stimulates oestrogen production

Question 19

what does LH do

Answer 19

LH = stimulates ovulation and in men stimulates testosterone production

Question 20

what does Oestrogen do

Answer 20

Oestrogen = stimulates the thickening of uterine wall lining

Question 21

what does Progesterone do

Answer 21

Progesterone = maintains the lining of the uterus and regulates the menstrual cycle

Question 22

how does the pancreas use negative feedback to maintain the blood sugar levels

Answer 22

Receptors in the pancreas use the blood glucose concentration to keep it stable by switching between both of these hormones, insuline and glucagon

Question 23

what is type 1 diabetes and what age range does it effect most

Answer 23

Type 1 diabetes mostly occurs in younger people and children
There is genetic component to it
Type 1 diabetes = when your pancreas doesn’t produce any/enough insulin, and so blood glucose concentration isn’t controlled

Question 24

what happens without insulin (2)

Answer 24

Without insulin:
glucose can’t enter your cells –> you can’t respire as much so you lack energy and feel very tired
you break down fat and protein so you lose weight

Question 25

what is type 2 diabetes and how does it happen

Answer 25

Type 2 diabetes= when your body cells stop responding properly to insulin - insulin resistance increases and sensitivity to insulin decreases
Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity and/or lack of exercise -( the diabetes is because of obesity)
In type 2, the body still is making insulin, it’s just less then the body needs

Question 26

how can you treat type 1 diabetes (2)

Answer 26

Type 1 diabetes treatment - inject insulin into the blood
Insulin injections treat type 1 but doesn’t cure it - to cure you would need a pancreas transplant

Question 27

why is insulin injected and not ingested

Answer 27

insulin is injected and not ingested (taken in through the mouth and goes into digestive system).
Insulin is a protein, so if it enters the digestive system, it will get broken down so will no longer work

Question 28

what are the problems with a pancreas transplant for type 1 diabetes

Answer 28

Problems with transplant:
not enough donors for the amount of people that need it
they are trading one medicine for another - insulin for immunosuppressants

Question 29

How can type 2 diabetes be treated (3)

Answer 29

can be reversed with diet and exercise
diet - low carb
If that doesn’t work, then you try drugs like metformin, that:
help insulin work better on the bod cells
help pancreas make more insulin
and reduces the amount of glucose you absorb from the gut
Insulin injection are a last resort in type 2

Question 30

what age range does type 2 affect

Answer 30

Type 2 affects older people, but recently affecting younger people due to more younger people being overweight

Question 31

what is adrenaline

Answer 31

a hormone which is released when stressed, angry, excited or frightened: to prepare the organism for a fight or flight response

Question 32

what are the effects of adrenaline

Answer 32

heart rate and breathing rate increase
glycogen in liver is converted to glucose for respiration
the pupils of your eyes dilate to let in more light
your mental awareness increases
blood is diverted away from the digestive system to the big muscles in limbs
adrenaline boosts oxygen delivery to the brain, preparing the body for fight or flight
adrenaline does not need a negative feedback system - the glands just stop producing it and systems return to normal
the body hair stands upright