reproduction

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

process resulting in genetically identical offspring from one parent

Question 2

advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 2

Advantages:
- Saves time and energy (only one parent needed)
- Quick reproduction
- Farming - crops can be reproduced very easily AND offspring will have the same desirable characteristics as parents (eg. A specific fruit)
Disadvantages:
- Evolution NOT possible - makes species more vulnerable to environmental changes (eg. Diseases)

Question 3

sexual reproduction

Answer 3

• Process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two specialized sex cells to form genetically different offspring

Question 4

fertilization def.

Answer 4

the fusion of the nucleus of the male gamete (sperm cell) with the nucleus of the female gamete (egg cell/ovum) to produce a zygote.

Question 5

haploid meaning

Answer 5

nucleus of a gamete
single set of unpaired chromosomes

Question 6

diploid meaning

Answer 6

nucleus of a zygote
two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

Question 7

advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 7

Advantages:
- Evolution/variation possible
- Selective breeding - farmers producing crops can choose the best characteristics from two different strains to produce new varieties of plant
Disadvantages:
- Takes time and energy

Question 8

pollination meaning

Answer 8

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

Question 9

male part in a flower

Answer 9

stamen
consists of an anther and filament

Question 10

female part in a flower

Answer 10

carpel
consists of a style, ovary and stigma

Question 11

sepal function

Answer 11

to protect the growing flower and help to stop it drying out

Question 12

petal function

Answer 12

to attract insects, birds or mammals to carry out pollination

Question 13

stamen function

Answer 13

to produce male gamete (pollen) and provide the correct structures and conditions necessary for the transfer of pollen

Question 14

filament function

Answer 14

to hold the anther in a position where it is able to transfer pollen to an insect, mammal or bird

Question 15

anther function

Answer 15

to produce pollen which contains the male gamete

Question 16

stigma function

Answer 16

to trap pollen from other flowers

Question 17

style function

Answer 17

to support and present the stigma in a position where it can receive pollen from an insect, bird or mammal

Question 18

carpel function

Answer 18

to produce female gametes and provide the right structures and conditions necessary for fertilization

Question 19

ovary function

Answer 19

contains ovules (which contains the female gamete) which will develop into seeds after fertilization

Question 20

ovule function

Answer 20

female gametes are produced and contained within the ovules.

Question 21

self-pollination meaning

Answer 21

• The transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

Question 22

self-pollination advantages and disadvantages

Answer 22

Advantage: no need to rely on pollinators, flowers may grow in areas where pollinators may not live
Disadvantage: no variation

Question 23

cross-pollination meaning

Answer 23

The transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species

Question 24

cross-pollination advantages and disadvantages

Answer 24

Advantage: yes variation
Disadvantage: relies on pollinators

Question 25

petal in wind-pollinated flower

Answer 25

small and usually dull in color

Question 26

petal in insect-pollinated flower

Answer 26

large and brightly colored

Question 27

anther in wind-pollinated flower

Answer 27

loosely attached and dangle outside the flower

Question 28

anther in insect-pollinated flower

Answer 28

located inside flower

Question 29

stigma in wind-pollinated flower

Answer 29

feathery, loosely attached and dangle outside flower

Question 30

stigma in insect-pollinated flower

Answer 30

located inside flower

Question 31

germination definition

Answer 31

process in which seeds grow and develop to become a plant

Question 32

conditions for germination

Answer 32

- Water - Oxygen - Weather

Question 33

testis function

Answer 33

organ in which sperm cells and testosterone are produced

Question 34

scrotum function

Answer 34

sack of skin that contains the testes, helping to keep them at a slightly lower temperature than the rest of the body

Question 35

prostate glands function

Answer 35

secretes fluid that nourishes and protects the sperm

Question 36

sperm duct function

Answer 36

muscular tube that connects a testis to the urethra

Question 37

urethra function

Answer 37

tube that allows the passage of semen and urine through the centre of the penis

Question 38

penis function

Answer 38

during sexual intercourse, the penis is inserted into the vagina, allowing the sperm to transfer into the female reproductive system

Question 39

the sperm cell consists of:

Answer 39

the flagellum mitochondria acrosome nucleus

Question 40

ovary function

Answer 40

produces: - egg cells - oestrogen - progesterone

Question 41

oviduct function

Answer 41

tube connecting an ovary to the uterus; where fertilization occurs

Question 42

uterus function

Answer 42

organ in which the embryo develops

Question 43

cervix function

Answer 43

ring of muscle between the vagina and the uterus

Question 44

vagina function

Answer 44

elastic muscular canal through which the newborn passes during childbirth during sexual intercourse, male's penis is inserted into vagina

Question 45

Embryo definition

Answer 45

a ball of cells produced by cell division of a zygote

Question 46

amniotic sac

Answer 46

thin sac that protects the fetus within the uterus. Filled with amniotic fluid

Question 47

placenta

Answer 47

structure that grows inside the mother, attached to the wall of her uterus

Question 48

functions of the placenta

Answer 48

- Transfers substances from the mother to the fetus - Transfers waste substances from the fetus to the mother so she can excrete them

Question 49

umbilical cord

Answer 49

connects the fetus to the placenta

Question 50

main male sex hormone

Answer 50

testosterone

Question 51

main female sex hormone

Answer 51

oestrogen

Question 52

what are the 4 hormones involved in the control of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Answer 52

- FSH - LSH - Oestrogen - produced by the ovary - Progesterone - produced by the corpus luteum in the ovary

Question 53

FSH effect

Answer 53

causes an egg in the ovary to mature

Question 54

LH effect

Answer 54

stimulates the release of a mature egg

Question 55

oestrogen and progesterone effect

Answer 55

involved in maintaining the lining of the uterus

Question 56

FSH interaction

Answer 56

stimulates the ovary to secrete oestrogen

Question 57

oestrogen interaction

Answer 57

inhibits the release of FSH stimulates the release of LH

Question 58

progesterone interaction

Answer 58

inhibits the release of FSH and LH

Question 59

around 8-12 weeks of pregnancy, what happens?

Answer 59

the placenta takes over the production of oestrogen and progesterone, ensuring that: - No more eggs are released from the ovaries - Maintain a thick uterus lining to support the growing fetus - Prevent the muscles of the uterus contracting, which would cause the early delivery of a premature baby