human nutrition

Question 1

a balanced diet contains:

Answer 1

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Water
• Fiber
• Mineral ions (eg, calcium and iron)
• Vitamins
• Fats

Question 2

carbohydrates - main sources and dietary importance

Answer 2

fruit, vegetables, pasta, bread, potatoes

provide energy

Question 3

fats - main sources and dietary importance

Answer 3

avocado, nuts, olive oil, oily fish

provide energy

Question 4

proteins- main sources and dietary importance

Answer 4

meat, fish, eggs, beans, pulses, nuts

growth and repair

Question 5

vitamin C- main sources and dietary importance

Answer 5

oranges, red peppers, kale, broccoli

maintains healthy blood vessels, skin, cartilage and bones

helps with wound healing

Question 6

vitamin D- main sources and dietary importance

Answer 6

salmon, cheese, eggs

helps to regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate in the body, necessary to keep teeth, bones and muscles healthy

Question 7

calcium- main sources and dietary importance

Answer 7

milk, sardines, broccoli, kale, okra, spinach

strengthens bones and teeth, and helps with muscle contraction and clotting of wounds

Question 8

iron- main sources and dietary importance

Answer 8

red meat, beans, nuts

production of haemoglobin for red blood cells

Question 9

fibre- main sources and dietary importance

Answer 9

cereals, vegetables, fruit, brown rice, nuts, potatoes

helps digestion, and helps to move food and faeces along the gut
associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and bowel cancer

Question 10

water- main sources and dietary importance

Answer 10

water and other drinks

about 60% of body mass is water, and it is needed in almost every process

Question 11

scurvy is due to

Answer 11

lack of vitamin C

Question 12

rickets is due to

Answer 12

lack of vitamin D

Question 13

ingestion definition

Answer 13

taking substances (food and drink) into the body through the mouth

Question 14

digestion definition

Answer 14

breaking food down into nutrients

Question 15

absorption definition

Answer 15

the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood

Question 16

assimilation definition

Answer 16

the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are needed

Question 17

egestion definition

Answer 17

passing out food that has not been digested or absorbed

Question 18

physical digestion definition

Answer 18

breaking down of food into smaller pieces without any chemical change (in the mouth and stomach where muscles in the stomach contract)

Question 19

chemical digestion definition

Answer 19

breaking down large insoluble molecules in food into small, soluble molecules, with the help of enzymes (in the mouth, stomach and small intestine)

Question 20

journey that food takes

Answer 20

mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → anus

Question 21

small intestine consists of:

Answer 21

ileum, duodenum

Question 22

large intestine consists of:

Answer 22

colon, rectum

Question 23

human digestive system (top to bottom)

Answer 23

• Mouth
• Salivary glands
• Oesophagus
• Liver
• Stomach
• Gall blader
• Pancreas
• Small intestine - ileum duodenum
• Large intestine - colon rectum anus

Question 24

salivary glands function

Answer 24

produces saliva. Saliva mixes with ingested food so that it is softer and easier to swallow. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which helps in breaking down starch into simple reducing sugars

Question 25

Liver and gall bladder function

Answer 25

produces bile which is important in the digestion of fat. Bile is stored in the gall bladder before it is released through the bile duct into the duodenum

Question 26

oesophagus function

Answer 26

Transports food to the digestive system

Question 27

Pancreas function

Answer 27

releases pancreatic juice that helps in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Pancreatic juice is alkaline, helps to neutralize acid in food leaving the stomach

Question 28

liver function

Answer 28

Creates bile to break down fats and neutralize acid

Question 29

large intestine function

Answer 29

Absorbs water and salts from undigested food

Question 30

stomach function

Answer 30

Uses enzymes and acids to break down food

Question 31

pancreas function

Answer 31

Secretes hormones and digestive enzymes

Question 32

small intestine function

Answer 32

Absorbs nutrients from food

Question 33

Rectum function

Answer 33

Stores undigested food for egestion

Question 34

incisors

Answer 34

sharp, blade-like for cutting food

Question 35

canines

Answer 35

pointed, strong for tearing food

Question 36

premolars

Answer 36

combined features of canines and molars for tearing and grinding food

Question 37

molars

Answer 37

broad, flat surface for crushing and grinding food

Question 38

Structure of a tooth (From out inwards)

Answer 38

Enamel Dentine Pulp Blood vessels Cement Nerve

Question 39

enamel feature

Answer 39

White, hardest part of the tooth, calcium phosphate mineral

Question 40

dentine feature

Answer 40

Bone-like substance, softer than enamel

Question 41

pulp feature

Answer 41

Contains blood vessels and nerves

Question 42

cement feature

Answer 42

Attaches the teeth to the jawbone

Question 43

gum feature

Answer 43

Helps to keep the teeth in place

Question 44

Two different types of protease enzyme in the alimentary canal

Answer 44

TRYPSIN and PEPSIN

Question 45

where is amylase secreted?

Answer 45

salivary glands and pancreas

Question 46

where is protease secreted?

Answer 46

stomach and small intestine

Question 47

where is lipase secreted?

Answer 47

pancreas

Question 48

where is maltase secreted?

Answer 48

stomach

Question 49

where is trypsin secreted?

Answer 49

pancreas

Question 50

where does amylase act?

Answer 50

mouth and small intestine

Question 51

where does protease act?

Answer 51

stomach and small intestine

Question 52

where does lipase act?

Answer 52

small intestine

Question 53

where does trypsin act?

Answer 53

small intestine

Question 54

where does maltase act?

Answer 54

stomach

Question 55

where does pepsin act?

Answer 55

stomach

Question 56

where is pepsin secreted?

Answer 56

stomach

Question 57

under which conditions does pepsin act?

Answer 57

acidic conditions

Question 58

under which conditions does trypsin act?

Answer 58

alkaline conditions

Question 59

where is water absorbed?

Answer 59

small intestine and colon

Question 60

where is digested food absorbed?

Answer 60

small intestine

Question 61

villi definition

Answer 61

tiny finger-like projection on the surface of the small intestine that increases its surface area for absorption

Question 62

microvilli definition

Answer 62

even smaller villi in the surface of the villus. Folds in the cell membrane of cells lining the outside of a villus. Further increasing surface area for absorption Increase surface area for absorption in the small intestine

Question 63

the structure of a villus includes:

Answer 63

- Epithelium (surface of the villus) - Lacteal (responsible for the absorption of fats into the lymphatic system) - Blood capillaries - Circulatory system - Lymphatic system