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biology IGCSE > coordination and response > Flashcards

coordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

stimulus definition

A

a change in the environment that can be detected by an organism

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2
Q

the human nervous system consists of:

A
  • The CNS (central nervous system)
  • The PNS (peripheral nervous system)
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3
Q

what is the CNS composed of and what does it do?

A
  • Composed of:
    - brain and spinal cord
    • Responsible for coordinating all reactions and nervous communication around the body
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4
Q

what is the PNS composed of and what does it do?

A
  • Composed of:
    - Nerves in the other parts
    • Responsible for transmitting the impulses from the CNS to all parts of the body
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5
Q

3 main types of neurons

A
  • sensory neurone
  • motor neurone
  • relay neurone
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6
Q

sensory neurone

A
  • Transfer nerve impulses from receptor cells to the spinal cord when a stimulus is detected.
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7
Q

motor neurone

A
  • Transfer nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effectors (such as muscles)
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8
Q

relay neurone

A
  • Connect one neuron to the next
    • Found in the brain
    • Make links between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons in the spinal cord
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9
Q

synapse

A
  • Junction between two neurons
  • Allows an impulse to travel from an axon terminal of one neuron to a dendrite in another neuron
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10
Q

how do synapses work?

A
  • Axon terminals contain tiny, bubble-like structures called vesicles
  • Vesicles contain substances called neurotransmitters
  • Receptor molecules in dendrites bind to neurotransmitters
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11
Q

how do neurotransmitters travel across the synaptic cleft/synaptic gap?

A

by diffusion

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12
Q

characteristics of reflex actions

A
  • Rapid
  • Automatic
  • Innate (you don’t need to learn how to do them)
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13
Q

what is the reflex arc?

A
  • The pathway through the body that brings about a reflex action
  • receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector
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14
Q

receptor cells

A
  • Cells that detect different stimuli
    Include:
    - Touch receptors in the skin
    - Sound receptors in the ear
    - Light receptors in the eye
    - Taste (chemical) receptors in the nose, tongue and mouth
    - Temperature receptors in the skin and brain
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15
Q

effectors

A
  • Produce a response
    Eg. A muscle or a gland that produces a hormone
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16
Q

sense organ

A

group of receptor cells that respond to a specific stimulus

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17
Q

Light entering the eye travels in this direction:

A
  • cornea → pupil → lens → optic nerve
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18
Q

cornea function

A

refracts light, focusing it towards the retina

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19
Q

lens function

A

refracts light, focusing it onto the retina

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20
Q

iris function

A

controls the amount of light passing through the pupil

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21
Q

retina function

A

responds to light levels and to light of different colors

22
Q

optic nerve function

A

carries nerve impulses from the retina to the brain

23
Q

in dim light…

A
  • Pupil dilates
    • Radial muscles contract
    • Circular muscles relax
24
Q

in bright light…

A
  • Pupil constricts
    • Radial muscles relax
    • Circular muscles contract
25
Q

ciliary muscles function

A
  • Control the shape of the lens
  • Attached to the lens by suspensory ligaments
26
Q

To focus light from distant objects onto the retina:

A
  • Ciliary muscles relax
  • Tension in suspensory ligaments increases
  • Lens becomes thinner
  • Light is refracted less strongly
27
Q

To focus light from near objects onto the retina:

A
  • Ciliary muscles contract
  • Tension in suspensory ligaments decreases
  • Lens becomes thicker
  • Light is refracted more strongly
28
Q

where are cones located

A

on the fovea

29
Q

what do cones provide?

A

colour vision
3 types of cones:
- red
- blue
- green

30
Q

where are rods distributed?

A

mostly around the sides of the retina

31
Q

what do rods provide?

A

vision in dim light

32
Q

hormones (4 points)

A
  • Chemical substance produced by glands
  • Transported in the blood
  • Alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
  • Endocrine system: series of glands that make hormones
33
Q

the adrenal gland produces…

A

adrenaline

34
Q

the pancreas produces..

A

insulin and glucagon

35
Q

the ovary produces

A

oestrogen

36
Q

the testis produces…

A

testosterone

37
Q

effect of insulin and what it causes

A
  • Effect of lowering blood glucose concentration
  • Causes cells in the liver to remove glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen
38
Q

How does Insulin lower blood glucose concentration?

A

insulin stimulates cells in the liver and tissues such as muscles to use glucose from the blood either to use it for respiration or to store it as glycogen

39
Q

what does glucagon stimulate?

A
  • Stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen, releasing more glucose into the blood
40
Q

what does adrenaline cause?

A
  • Increased breathing rate
    • Increased pulse rate
    • Widened pupils in the eyes
41
Q

homeostasis definition

A
  • Maintenance of a constant internal environment within the body
42
Q

what does homeostasis control?

A
  • Body temperature
  • Concentration of glucose in the blood
  • Water levels
43
Q

negative feedback definition

A

response which is the reverse to the change detected so that levels can return to normal.
eg, when it is cold you start to shiver, which increases again your body temperature

44
Q

thermoregulation meaning

A

process that allows the body to maintain a constant core temperature

45
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels that causes more blood to flow in the skin capillaries, so more heat is lost from the body
Vasodilation = heat loss

46
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of blood vessels that causes less blood to flow in the skin capillaries, so less heat is lost from the body
Vasoconstriction = less heat loss

47
Q

what is meant by type 1 diabetes

A
  • Pancreas does not make enough insulin
  • Meaning the glucose in the blood cannot enter cells and is not converted into glycogen
48
Q

type 1 diabetes symptoms

A
  • Frequent urination (body is trying to secrete excess glucose)
    • Increased thirst (due to frequent urination)
49
Q

tropism definition

A

a response by a plant to a stimulus

50
Q

geotropism

A

a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity

51
Q

phototropism

A

a response in which a plant grows towards or away from light

52
Q

what do auxins do?

A

plant hormone that cause tropisms

biology IGCSE (22 decks)

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