diseases and immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

pathogen definition

A

disease-causing organism

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2
Q

host definition

A

organism that is infected by a pathogen

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3
Q

Pathogens include:

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protoctists
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4
Q

transmissible disease

A

a disease caused by a pathogen that can be transmitted from one host to another
diseases can be transmitted either;
- directly: contact through body fluids such as blood
- indirectly: through air, water, food, contaminated surfaces or animals

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5
Q

mechanical barriers

A

block pathogens from entering the body
include:
- Skin
- Hairs in the nose

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6
Q

chemical barriers

A
  • substances that trap or kill pathogens
    include:
    • Mucus produces pra mucous membranes. They are sticky, therefore they trap bacteria and other pathogens
      • Stomach acid. Highly acidic therefore kills pathogens
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7
Q

2 types of white blood cells

A

phagocytes
lymphocytes

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8
Q

what do phagocytes do?

A

surround and engulf a pathogen (phagocytosis) then destroy it

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9
Q

what do lymphocytes do?

A

produce antibodies, proteins which attach to pathogens and so mark them for destruction

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10
Q

controlling the spread of diseases

A
  • A clean water supply
  • Good personal hygiene
  • Hygienic food preparation
  • Proper waste disposal
  • Treatment of sewage
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11
Q

active immunity

A

production of antibodies by the immune system in response to antigens - gained after infection of that pathogen

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12
Q

passive immunity

A

temporary immunity - gained when antibodies are transferred to the body from another individual (for example milk during breast-feeding)

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13
Q

Once attached to the antigen, the antibody can:

A
  • mark the antigen for phagocytosis and destruction by phagocytes
    or
    • cause the pathogen to break open and die
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14
Q

primary response

A

when the immune system responds to a specific pathogen for the first time

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15
Q

secondary response

A

immune system after re-infection of the same pathogen. Involves memory cells

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16
Q

memory cells

A

remain in the blood after the pathogens in an infection have been destroyed. They ‘remember’ specific pathogens, so that if the organism is infected again, the immune system may produce antibodies quicker.

17
Q

what do vaccines contain?

A

small amounts or dead or weakened pathogens that cannot cause disease